1 . back 2. like 3 ・wings 4・to 5・as6 ・use7 . complinwntaiy8 ・ another9 ・ because 10 ・ as11 ・more 12 . why 13 ・well14 ・uhal 15 . understood 16. Dotft 17 . mentioned 18 ・ with19. wearire 20 ・ latestVarious liuiovaiions have been nitioduced as ways to break out of tl)e rigid system which forces studetits through a series of identical classrooms in which teachet s do most of die talking and students bas e lidle opportunity to respond. Among these innovations are (earn teaching and teachet aides, notbgraded elemental and secondaiy schools, indq)endent study, cunicula focused ou helping students discover things for iliemseh es ratlier than on tn ing to tell them c\ ersTlmig and schools designed lor maximum flexibility so tlmt students can wotk alone, or in siiiail groups, or take pat in large-gioup insti-uction v ia divase media. The ann of all these innovatioos is to adapt uistruction n.oie precisely to the needs of each individual student. Many people who have a strong dislike to omiiizing instruction scientifically and to bringing new teclmolog>, into die schools and colleges fail to realize that the present system is in many respects mechanical and rigid. The vast ditlerences in the ways students learn are disregarded when diey are taught【he same thing, in the same way, at【he same time. There is nc escaping the evidence that many students iheniselves feel linle enthusiasm and even outright liostility tor the present way schools and colleges are organized and instruction is handled Many of ihem resem technology , bui what【hey object to is usually technology used as a means for handling a large mmiber of srudents Or it is progranmiing which merely reproduces convenrional classroom leaching. Wliat insmiciion requires is an arrangemeni of resources whereby the student rcspoixis and lcams. reaching new plateaus from which to climb to higher levels of iindcrstandina. Technological media can store information unti' it is needed or wanted They can distribute it over distances to reach the stwdcnt where he happens to be. They can present the infbmiation to the smdent through various senses. They can give the student the opportunity to react to the material in manyays. In short, the students opporuinitics for learning can be increased and enhanced by using a wide range of instnictional technology. All the available resources for instruction, including the teacher, can work together to create conditions for maximum effective learning.1 . The author is inainlv concerned with ________・A・ providing the possibility for students to take the courses they wantB. making technology an active tool in the schoolC・ relieving the teacher from routine dutiesD. meeting (he needs of each student2 ・ It can be micircd from the article that a Rood educational system must _______ .A. not depend on teacliersB. make use of varying methods of teachingC. place a renewed emphasis on scienceD・ not organize their instnicticn3 ・ The author suggests that rhe basic rok of rhe teacher in rhe educational s\r srem should beA. as a lecturerB. that of a (echnoloeistC. as the source of knowledgeD much more than that of classroom teaching4 ・The n^ative reactions of students to technology are the result of ______ .A. unknown factorsB. a general hostility toward educationC. its misuseD. its newness in the schools5 ・All of the following arc mentioned as a capability of technological media EXCEPT their ability toA. make it easiei for students to obtain needed infbmiationB provide tnany was of leaching ibe same thingC. make learning easy and funD・ replace traditional reportsH (Click for the answers.)Reference key.In Great Britain at present the speech of educated persons is known is Received Standard English. A class dialect rather than (1) .it is based on the type of speech cultivated at such schools asEton and Harrow and at such of the older univc^ities as (2) —_・ Many English peoplewho speak regional dialects in their childhood acquire Received Standard English (3) _________________ .Its influence has become (4) _________________ because of its use by such public media as the British Brcadcasiitig Corp ・An important development of English outside Great Britain (5) ____________________ . American English may be considered to include the English spoken in Canada although ibe Canadian vaiiety (6)_____________ . The most distinguishing differences between American English and British English arc in pronunciation and vocabulaiy ・(7)_____________ . Written American E咚lish also has a tendency to be n»re rigid inmatters of grammar and syniax. but at tbe same time appears to be more tolerant of the use of neologisms. Despite these differences it is oficn difficult to dctcrniinc-apart from conlcxt-(8)_________________________________in Great Britain or the U.S./Canada—or, for that matter, in Australia, New Zealand, or Soutli Africa.(Click tor the answers.)1 ・ a regional dialect2 ・ Oxford and Cambridge3 ・ while attending school and university4 . even stronger in recent year5 ■ occurred with the colonization of North America6 retains some features of British pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulan r7 ・ There are slighter differences in spelling, pitch, and stress as well8 . whether serious literar>r works have been wntten1 ・ How long has language probably existed?2 ・.According to the passage, how did language come into being?3 ・ Wha【is ibe fiist real evidence of language?4 . Languages change. Please name one of the reasons why change、lake place.5 ・ Do languages become better, worse or different?6 ・ Why do languages change even more slowly in modem industrial societies09 (Click for lhe answers.)No one knows how language began・ Because all people who arc not disabled have the ability to speak・language has probably existed at least as long as the modem human species. Most scholars believe that language developed very slowly from sound, such as grunts, barks and hoots, made by prehuman creamres. According to ihis view, a simple sysiem of\ ocal communication becane more complex as the human biam and speech organ、evolved. But no one knows when and l»w this process took phe已In feet there is no record of language for most of its existence. The first real evideuce of language is wiling. But scholais believe that wriiing did not appear until thousands of years after the origin of language. The earliest known wrincn records arc Sumerian word-pictures made about 35OOB.C. and Egyptian hieroglyphics that date from about 3000 B. C Written Chinese dates from perhaps 1500B C . Greek from about 1400B C“ and Latin from about 500 B C..No one knows all the reasons why languages change, but they continue to do so as long as people speak them. In a few cases, the changes can be explained. For examples, words arc added to a vocabulary1 ・ At least as long as the modem human species・2 ・ From sound, such as grunts, barks and boots, made by prehuman creamres.7 . Writing.4 . Words are added to a vocabulaiy to refer to new ideas or objects・ Contacts between speakers ofdifferent languages may cause words from one language to enter intc another language.5 ・ Languages do not become better or worse, only different・6 ・ Educational systems and such centralized communication systems as radio and television promote theuse of a standard fbnn of a language.Characteristics of cultural change:Diffusion :Acculturation :Assimilation :P (Click for the answers.)Even* culture changes. But all parts of a culture do not change at the same time・ Science and technology may sometimes change so rapidly that They lessen the imponance of customs・ ideas, and other nonmatcrial pans of a culture. At other rimes, changes in ideas and social systems may occur before changes in technology-. The failure of certain pans of a culture to keep up with other related pans is referred to as ailrural lag.No society is so isolated that it does not come in contact with ocher societies・ When contact occurs・societies borrow cultural traits from one another. As a result, cultural traits and patterns tend to spread from the society in which they originated. This spreading process is called diftiision Com growing, for example, began in what is now Mexico thousand^ of years ago and eventually spread tiiroughout the world.Diffusion can occur witliout firsthand contact between cultures. Products or patterns may move from group A to group C through group B without any contact between group A and group C・ Today, diffusion is rapid and widespread because many cultures of the world arc linked through advanced means of transportation and communication・vanations show changes that occurred during the development of English・The spelling of some words remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunciation changed・Grammar is (he set of principles used io create seiiietices. These piinciples define (he eletuents used to assemble sente«ces and the relationships between the eleniewts. The elenietns include parts of speech ai>d inilecrions ・Sonic modem scholars divide tlic parts of speech into two categories, content words and function wolds. Content words are the main parts of speech-nouns, verbs, adx obs・ and adjectives-and cany lhe basic vocabulan r Tlkry show die graimnaticaL or stmcniraL meanings of the seutence and are also called sunctuie classes. meanings. Function words express relationships between content words in a sentence・Function words include articles. prqx)si(ions? pronotms. and cotyimctioos.tnglish has teuet inflections than n>ost other Euiopean languages. Aa iullection is a vaiiaiion of the form of a word that gives die woid a difleient liieamng Of funciion. An English noun has only two lnlkctioiib, lhe plural aud the po^esbive. inllecuoiib aic us>ed lo change lhe ten^e and nuiubei of a veib oi the case of a pronoun. Inflections can change adjectives to the comparative or the supcrlative-for example, big. bigger, biggest.Questions:1 According to the largest dictionaries, approximately how many words are there in the English language?2. Many English words were boirowcd from otlicr languages. From which language was tbc word Piano borrowed?3. Wliy do English pronunciation and spelling sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent?第二章1 . imettog汛i* e 2. bestowal3 . OiiraciLCm 4. griiuy5 . doubcAil6.iDstmctiutis7 . dctctuiiiicr. dctcmiinant g . iriuniph9 . resititaiict10 . sponiaucuuilxI .It 2. but扌.and 4 .at 5 .1006before7 . on 3 . oi9 . for10.v ary11 .otkrs12. teiMral13 . as much as U，阳15 .next16 .parents17 children IS. wbeii19. exieui20 .differthte1 . The nest of -> M OST of2 , the reason of tbc reason for3 , Tbev all were -> were all\ . to the fields -> into the jirote^siGnal (kids5 H K odja eUtUftii -> Aacih^r elciu^ot6 . mo ST tiurtiirin^ -> most nuiwrmg7 . include mu^ic -> iDdudiqg music8 the World Warll -> World War II9 so highly motivated -> as hishly irnrivared1U . -> Next to1 ・【f it were no〔tor the *t throw-m M today, rm afraid they couldn*t have made a sate till now.2 . At die age of 40： he finally made something of hiiuself thiough his persistent eftorts.3 . Nowadays people most despise those who bow to money and power.4 ・ He has been thinking to himself about how to break down his anxiety when he speaks English、5 ・ As tlic tall man with a pair of sunglasses looked suspicious, I didift put him down as a good guy.6 . Although lie is over 80, the old mail is blessed with extiaoidmarily good healtlL bright with his eves andacute with his eais.1 was tbe kiud of boy who liked io give oiders. not to take (hern I always warned to wm ex ery gauie. every fight, and to be first in everything All rhe other boys, even Those a bir older than me. were happy to follow and obey me. All. that is. except one. His name is Maybee・It is difficult for me to describe my feelings towards him. I didn't hate hinL but neither did I like him I think (hai. more (han anv(hin£. I felt afVaid of him. At ihe same lime. I wanted(o know more about him. I wanted to find something (hat frightened or womed him. Bui I could find nothing.1 Wha【is ilie central idea conveyed in【be passage?2 ・Who can become strong allies of The school personnel?3 ・Whal aids in achieving a hamionious interplay bchvccn school and home?4 ・ Why is ibe faihei supposed to follow the advice accoiding io (I K passage?5 ・ What is the authors primary purpose in writing this passage?a (Click for the answers.)1 ・ Teachers can and should help parents to understand the objectives of the school.2 ・ The paieub.3 ・ Teacher^ conferences with parents・4 . To better help the kid to make satisfacton* progress in tnaiheniatics and at the same liine, to help him toeiyoy the uork as welL5 ・ To urge teachers and school administrators to make use ofa much underused resoiirce-the parent.Do parents owe then children anyrhing? Yes, they owe (hem a great deal.One of their chief obligations is(o give their children a sense of personal worth, for selfesteem is (he basis of(l) .A youngster who is consiantly made to feel stupid and unworthy, constantlycompared to brighicr brothers, sisters, or cousins・ will become so unsure. (2). ・ thar be (or she) wotft try at all. Of course, they should be corrected (3) _ : this is tbe way children learn.But the criticisms should be balanced with praises, preferably with a smile and a kiss No child is ever too old to be hugged・Parents owe their children firni guidance and consistent discipline It is frightening for a youngster(4) __________________________ : it's like being in a car without brakes. The parent who says ^No** whenother parents say M Ycs M sends a double message. He is also saying: H l love you, and I am ready to risk your anger, because 1 don't want you to get into trouble.Parents owe their children (5) _____________________ . This means not borrowing things withoutperniissioiL not reading diaries and mail nol looking through purses, pockets, and draw ers. If a niotlier leels that she must lead her daughters diary to know wliat is goii^ OIL (6) ____________________________________ .Paieiiis owe then children a set of values around which to build tlien lives. This means teaching them to respect the rights and opinions of others： it means being respecttiil to eldei s? to teachers, and to die law. (7) _ A child ivho is lied to will lie. A child who sees his parents steal tools from thefactoiy or towels from a hotel will think that it is all right to steal. A youngster who sees no laughter and no love in the home will have a difficult time laughing and loxingNo child asks to be bom (8)_________________________ ・And if you give him his due. he ll have something of value to pass along to your grandchildren・1 a good mental health2 . so afraid of failing3 . Then they do wrong4 to feel that he is in charge of himself5 ・ privacy and respect for their personal belongings6 the communicarion between iheni must be pretty badX^'avs to help children develop their social skills include: ⑴.G)戶(Click for the answers.)Child care professionals play an important part in raising healthy children. Caregivers help children develop healthy bodies, minds, and feelings about themselves One of ihe mosi importain things providers leach children is bow io gel along with others No matier l»w gifted a child is physically or menially, iha( child's happiness and success in life will also depend on his ability(o get along with people.There are many ways to help children develop social skills. One way is to establish a set of rules or standards for acceptable behavior in vour center. Uliilc the exact rules may vary among caregivers, most probably fall into one of three broad categories. These are: -We need to respect ourselves -We need to respect othersA secoiid way we teach social skills is by the belmvior we model. We cannot ask children to treat each otliei- decently and then treat childieu disrespectftilly ouiselves. Childien Irani by watching and practicing uliat adults do. Every time you talk kindly to the children, you aie teachuip theni how to talk kmdly to each other.In bringing up children- evury parenc waiches eaaerh ih^ child's acq^usitioti of 艸<■]：skill-the iirst spoken vords. ：lx first iiidepeadeut steps, or 曲 匕世曲啤 就 uadi 孫 and ^vritiuc. It is ofkn remptine io hiiny the child be )p ond his natural learning rate, but this can $et;rp dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the Qhild- This mi^ht happen ar any A hdhy mishr he forced to a toikt too early ，a young child might be enccnraged tc l?nm io read before bu knows tbe mranin^ of die words I K reads. On rhe ether bnnrt. ih^ngh. if a child is left E JIK too much. or^Uhout any Irami 咚 opportunities^ be loses Im nfluirnl enrhusiasm fbr life nnd his desire ro find om new things fbr himselfParcnis \aiy greaiily in their &宦ice af strictness towards their children Sow 皿野 be 弼pc 侨咄)strict in money malted. Others arc severe ova times of comicig home at niglit or piuictuality for meals. In gciwiwL the controh imposed rcprc$ciit ill? needs of the parents and the \ alucsj of tlic wnuDuiiity 黏 niu^b is the child * (nvn happinc^.I 、IL ：ir is ttie 朋v 曰町呻it Qfmofal in the growing clHld. CCDSI 丽ewy is 、呵 unponant mpaimml leaching To fbrtiid n thins nnc dny nnd excuse ii the nest is DO ftnmdrtian for morality. Also psms »hQuld realize dun "oumple is Mtn* ttm precept". If th<y nre not sincere and do not pcaotiw whm they tweh. (heir children niay grow confiucd. and emotionally insctiuc « hcti they grv»^ old enough io 训ink for rbcmhcli 肢 and realize tfin havp bwn 心 seme 席心皿 ft»lc<L A siukkn aw arenas of a big (tifTcrcncc ber^ccn iheir parrnts' principles tuiii ihcir niorols can be a danffimoir disdppoiinmcmQuesciuiis ：1. XMkai does 亡tery puieni ejgerly holier diild io acquire. uCL<ndi[Li! to ibe >pe ；!ker >2 ioti 就queiKxij 1111辿i u<vui ifpaieu'.!> push 11K child Lwyuud liii-lKi DUEUIU ! Irnnimg idle?3 what should paints do in die learning process of cliildrcn?4. What does rhe speaker say abouc parcnral r 弱(ricikrns on children?5. ^ hnt h \'iiy inipottaiit iti pEUvnial 1關血】吟 according to ih< spealttf?6 讥 hm should pattnt^ do as to the development of moral 、站IK I EIR L 、in the gio 寂 in* child? 1. A6. A2. B 3 . D 4. A5. B第三章1 . foiiK 仙tM2 . comphini ii^ly 3. jetseparabk 4 . compctilivc 5. smtinKnulitK 6 . senaitv7 . ambiciou^ B . cwnplimeniai^' 9 . applkabk10. anendatnt 1. which2, ganK 3 , into 4 , pcniiillcd 5, use &. but7 . organ izcd 8, with 9 . started 10 .哄inning 1 ] . when12. while B, By 14 . and 15 . resisted 16. that 17 .耳nouin 芦 18. io 19 . right 20 . attractingRefaerxe key1 . ih? mosi *> most2 . slithtk' -> sli^hL3 . ns $inan as -> as sman4 . ten percenT pnofidenr *> len percent more ptoficiein5 grCHier -> grcai1. After being granted a Ph.D.? he? instead of staying abroad to be an aichitect of his uiopia? kept hisappoiutnietit and returned to his homeland to participate in the building of the Four Modernizations. 2. The player learned die hard way tliat it is wot steroid but hard and sciemific training that makes aiiOlympic champion.3. As she had full trust in her housekeeper, Jeimifer dismissed any suggestion of his disloyalty as rumors4. On recovering her lost son, the young tnothei lield him into her anus, tears gn mg way to smiles.Foot racing is a popular aciiviry in the United States. It is not only seen as a competitive sport, bui also as a way io exercise, to enjoy (he camaraderie of like-minded people, and to donate money to a good cause. Though serious runners may spend months training to conipeie, ether nmners and walkers might not train at all. Those not compel mg(o win might run in an eftbrt(o beat their own time, or simply(o enjoy ihe fun and exercise. People of all ages, from those less than one year old (who may be pushed in swollers) to those in their 80s. enter into this sport・ The races are held on city sheets, OQ college campuses, through parks, and in suburban areas, and are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in lengthThe largest footrace in the world is the 12-kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held in San Francisco every spring. This race begins on the cast side of tbc city near Sail Francisco Bay and ends on the west side at the Pacific Ocean. In 1993 there were 80.000 people running in this race througb the streets and hills of San Francisco. In the Ironi are the serious runners who compere(o win, and who might finish in as link as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who lake several hoirs(o finish. In the back of the race are tliose who wear costumes jusi fbi ftm. In 1993 tliete wa^ a group of men all of w hom dressed up like Elvis Presley. Tliere was a group of inefightei's who were all tied in a long line and weie caiTying a tire hose. One yeai theie was a bndal parly m which the bnde dieted m a long white gown and the gioom wore a tuxedo. They threw flowers to bystanders, and were actually married at some point along the route.1 ・ The main purpose of this passage is to A encourage people to exerciseB. describe a popular aciiviryC. make fxin of runners in costumeD・ give reasons for the popularity of footraces2 ______________________________________________________ • The phiasc H to a good cause*1 could be best replaced by __________________________________________A. because of a good reasonB. in order to support a sound principleC・ for a good purposeD to protect a wise invesnnent3 Which of the following are NOT implied by the author?A. Footraces appeal to a \ ariety of people.B. Walkers can conipeie tor prizes.C. Entering a race is a way to gi\ e suppon to an organization.D. Running is a good way to strengthen the heart.4 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. Some runners looked like Elvis Presky.B. Some ninners were ready(o pui out a fireC. Some nmners were participating in a wedding.D・ Some runners were serious about winning・5 . Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?A. Chronological order. ^QB. Specific to general.C. Cause and result. CD. Statement and example.Reference kev•1・B 2. C 3・D 4・B 5・DWomen in the United States and in many other countries participate in a growing number of sports and games This has not always been the case, however In fact, women have not been as active in sports as men. Only in recent years have women begun to catch up to men in this area. Until the twentieth century, women did not often participate in spons.Part of the explanation for this is tliat wotnen simply did noi have time. Many women cooked, cleaned, and Took care of children. They were so busy that they did not have time for spons・ A second reason, especially in the late nineteenth century, is that a woman's image at that time was one of frailty, illness, and delicacy・ In the Victorian era, people thought that it was unladylike for a woman to be involved in any spons activity.There have been changes in both the view of women in the modem world, and also changes within the world of sports. These changes ha\ e allowed many mon; women to panxipate in spons. The general view of women has changed substanrialij, since rhe Victorian era Women are no longer considered delicate・ People do not think it is unladylike for a woman to compete in spons. Women who win in sports activities arc highly regarded. Many women now take part in sports and games of many different kinds. and enjoy doing so. This dex elopnienr is partly ihe result of a change in (he image of women in ihe modem world.Women also aie more active in sports now because of two changes in spons. First, m the early wentieth century, women began ro compete regularly in the Olympics. Also, the number of events for women in the Ohnipics has been growing quite steadily The fact that women can compete in the Olympics encourages many to become active in the various Olympic activities・ In more recent years, television has had a noticeable efleer on both the popularity of and paniciparion in wonieifs professional sports. Seeing women in professional sports on TV has niade certain sports much more popular among women, as amateurs and as professionals.1 ・ Whai causes many more women to participate in sports now?2 ・ Wha【did women use to be centered on?3 ・Wh/ is people's atrimdc nowadays if a woman wins in sports activities?4 ・ Whal is the role of TV in sports fields?5 ・ Which is the most suitable title for this passage?农(Click for the answers.)1 ・ Changes in the xiew of women and in the world of spons.2 ・ Housework3 Women will be respectable・4 ・ rv plays a considerable role in the popularization of women s participation in sports.5 ・Women and Sports.(8) •1 die possibilities of artificial stimulation2 . affect the honcstj- and excellence of spons3 record-breaking pertomiances4 enhanced by the use of drugs5 stripped of his Ohnnpic gold medal6 . from track competition1 . What did the doctors think of Lance ArmHongt cancer?2 How many American people won in the Tour de France before Lance Armstrong?3 Vkliat made Lance Armstrong a tme source of inspirarion for people around the world04 ・ What kind of book lived on the New York Times bcst-scllcr list for 52 weeks?5 . How did Lance Armstrong help cancer patients?Scnpi and ReiCTence key.Unbeliexable ・ cxcepi irs inie. By now .Lance Armstrong's hixory is well known. In 1996. he was a rising siar in inieniarional cycling, knocking down wins and making a name for himself as an American watch in this Euiopean spoil. Suddenly, eveiything changed. He had sone disappointing pertomiances and be didn't feel welL but it wasn't until lie began to cough up blood tliat he decided be should see a doctor.The next day he found out be had lesiicular cancer・ Given its advanced state, die doctois told him be might have a 50/50 chance of living・ Soon after, they discovered it had transfcircd into his abdomen, lungs, and brainIIi$ odds dropped to less than 20 percent・On October 2, Lance announced the news to the world in an cniotiona) press conference and vowed to beat the disease. He won. In 1999, he won again iu the Tour de France, only the second American to take hoiae the yellow jersey.Lance's unexpected victor iii the 1999 Tour launched him inio the public eye： ai)d his repeals have helped turned him into a real star. But his acconiplislunents aie oulv part of the reason fbt his acclaim. His treuieixioub coinage anddeteiiniualion in the face of enoiiuoub ob、【adcs have turned him into a tiue source of inspiration for people around the world. His generosity of spirit and humility have won him admiration and respect.Lance touches lives far beyond the world of sports. He is ailing the most recognized and well-liked celebrities in the U.S. His wildly successful autobiography. lt*s Not Abcut the Bike: My Journey Back to Life, lived on the New York Times bcst-scllcr list for 52 weeks・Today Lance is motivated not only to wm bike races, but to coiupete evety day for the gill of lile-his own as well as otheis. Tlnough his involvement in the Laiice Aimstiong FoundatioiL he has become a pov.eriul voice fol uancei biuvivorb every uheie. Tluougli his passion lor cxcelleuce. lie ha、become an example for anyone facing a challenge.I he Lance Armstrong story is not only of excellent athletic performance・ but also one of great human courage and perseverance. He is a survivor, a champion, and a hero for this and all times・1 ・ He might have a 50 to 50 chance of living(8) •。