植物分类学报 46 (4): 516–536 (2008) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.07095 Journal of Systematics and Evolution (formerly Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica) 毛茛科升麻族植物药用亲缘学初探1,2高璟春1彭勇 2,3杨梦苏1肖培根*1(中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学药用植物研究所北京 100094)2(香港城市大学深圳研究院深圳 518057)3(香港城市大学生物及化学系香港)A preliminary pharmacophylogenetic study of tribe Cimicifugeae(Ranunculaceae)1,2Jing-Chun GAO 1Yong PENG 2,3Meng-Su YANG 1Pei-Gen XIAO* 1(Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China)2(Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China)3(Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)Abstract The phylogeny, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and chemical composition of the tribe Cimici-fugeae attributed to the family of Ranunculaceae as used in the North America, Europe and Asia, were reviewed and compared. Furthermore, the pharmacophylogenetics of Cimicifugeae was investigated. A survey of the avail-able literature showed that the main chemical constituents of these species are 9,19-cycloartane triterpenoid gly-cosides and the cinnamic acid derivates. In ethnopharmacology, plants of tribe Cimicifugeae were commonly used as antipyretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammation agents and utilized for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Recent pharmacology research demonstrated that some of these Cimicifugeae species showed antiosteoporosis, antivirus, anticancer, antiallergic and hormonal-like activities. According to our present research and the literature record for the chemical, pharmacological and phylogeny research of tribe Cimicifugeae, we proposed that Actaea and Cimi-cifuga have a close relationship because of their similarity in chemical constituents and medical use. Actaea and Cimicifuga together could be considered one clade of tribe Cimicifugeae, and Actaea is relatively advanced, considering its diagnostic and karyological characters. Beesia was independent in this tribe since beesioside type triterpenoids had never been found in Actaea and Cimicifuga species. Meanwhile, pentacyclic triterpenoids and beesioside type triterpenoids were both isolated from Beesia, as well as Souliea,but they have not been found in Cimicifuga and Actaea. Indolinone alkaloids were detected in either Souliea or Cimicifuga and Actaea.Therefore, Souliea should be intermediate between Beesia and Cimicifuga. There is a close relationship between the cycloar-tane triterpenoids constituents and the anti-toxic, anti-pyretic effect of tribe Cimicifugeae. Therefore, we proposed the cycloartane triterpenoids constituents to be a new resource of anti-tumor and anti-virus agents.Key words chemotaxonomy, Cimicifugeae, ethnopharmacology, pharmacophylogenetics, Ranunculaceae.摘要本文总结和归纳了在北美、欧洲以及亚洲广泛应用的毛茛科Ranunculaceae升麻族Cimicifugeae药用植物的系统分类、传统药用价值、现代药理以及化学成分研究结果, 并在此基础上初步探讨了该族植物的药用亲缘学关系。
升麻族药用植物主要含有9,19-阿尔廷烷三萜皂苷以及肉桂酸衍生物两大类化合物。
升麻族植物在传统药用中被用来镇痛、解毒、抗炎, 在北美很早就被印第安人用来治疗妇科疾病。
现代药理研究发现升麻族植物还具有抗骨质疏松、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗过敏、类雌激素样作用等。
通过对升麻族植物药用亲缘学的初步研究, 我们发现由于类叶升麻属Actaea和升麻属Cimicifuga的疗效和化学成分相近, 因此两属的亲缘关系也近。
考虑它们果实的形态差异, 以及细胞学特征不同, 认为这两属为升麻族植物的一个分支, 且以类叶升麻属较升麻属更为进化。
从化学分类学的角度来看, 铁破锣属Beesia含有特殊铁破锣皂苷可以成为一个独立的分支, 而黄三七属Souliea既和铁破锣属一样含有五环三萜和铁破锣型环阿尔廷烷三萜类化合物, 又和升麻属、类叶升麻属一样含有吲哚生物碱, 因此可以认为它是铁破锣属和升麻属、类叶升麻属之间的一个过渡类型。
升麻族植物特有的清热解毒功效与其特殊的阿尔廷烷三萜皂苷化学成分密切相关, 因此我们认为阿尔廷烷三萜皂苷可以作为抗肿瘤、抗病毒的新药源进一步深入研究。
关键词化学分类; 升麻族; 传统药物学; 药用亲缘学; 毛茛科———————————2007-07-12收稿, 2008-04-21收修改稿。
* 通讯作者(Author for correspondence. E-mail: xiaopg@)。
高璟春等: 毛茛科升麻族植物药用亲缘学初探517升麻族Cimicifugeae植物属于毛茛科Ranun- culaceae金莲花亚科subfam. Helleboroideae, 包括5个属: 铁破锣属Beesia Balf. f. & W. W. Smith、黄三七属Souliea Franch.、升麻属Cimicifuga L.、类叶升麻属Actaea L.和垂果升麻属Anemonopsis Sieb. & Zucc., 共40余种植物。
升麻族植物为多年生草本, 常生于海拔2000 m左右的山地林缘、林中或路旁草丛中, 主要分布于北美洲, 亚洲和欧洲北温带地区(图1)。
其中升麻C. foetida L.、兴安升麻C. dahurica (Turcz. ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Maxim.和大三叶升麻C. heracleifolia Komar.为我国药典收录品种(肖培根, 1979)。
铁破锣属包括铁破锣 B. calthifolia (Maxim. ex Oliv.) Ulbr.和角叶铁破锣B. deltophylla C. Y. Wu ex Hsiao 2个种, 主要分布于我国西南一带及缅甸北部; 黄三七属只有黄三七S. vaginata (Maxim.) Franch. 1个种, 分布于我国西南和秦岭一带以及锡金、不丹和缅甸; 升麻属为升麻族中最大的一个属, 包括28种, 我国有8个种, 分布于西藏、云南、四川、贵州、广东、湖南、江西、浙江、安徽、河南、青海、甘肃、山西、陕西、河北、内蒙古以及东北诸省区; 类叶升麻属在全世界约有8个种, 主要分布在北温带, 在我国有两种, 类叶升麻A. asiatica Hara和红果类叶升麻A. erythrocarpa Fisch. ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey., 主要分布于东北及内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、青海、湖北、四川、云南和西藏东部; 垂果升麻属仅有A. macrophylla Baill.一个种, 只在日本本州中部的长野、名古屋、甲府及富士山等地有分布(图1)(Xiao, 1979)。