2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large;23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
第八篇翻译健康饮食“把盘子里的东西吃完了!”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员!”几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。
父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话：“想想那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧，多可怜啊!”我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。
但不幸的是，很多美国人吃得太多了。
也许我们应该为明天节约一些粮食，而不足坚持“把盘子里的东西吃完”。
据新闻报导，美国的餐馆应该为美国人日益增大的肚腩负——部分责任。
《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客提供的一盘食物的量是政府推荐的二至四倍。
美国人传统的认为有量才有质，所以大多数餐馆都试图迎合顾客们的这一想法。
他们宁愿被抱怨提供了过多的食物也不愿意被投诉提供的食物太少。
芭芭拉·罗尔斯是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位营养学教授。
在接受《今日美国》采访时她说道：“从20世纪70年代起，美国的餐馆就开始提供越来越大份的食物；也就是从这个时候起，美国人的腰围也变得越来越粗了。
”健康专家已经试着让很多餐馆提供份量小一些的食物。
显然，现在很多顾客也为此而呼吁。
据《QSR杂志》(美国的一份餐饮业经营杂志)报道：在上个月对4000多人所做的一次调查中，有57％的人认为餐馆提供的食物份量太大了，23％的人没有发表看法，还有20％的人不同意此看法。
但是再仔细看看调查结果，你就会发现很多买不起精美菜肴的美国人还是喜欢买大份量食物。
在年收入15万美元以上的人群中，70％的人更愿意买份量小一点的食物：但在年收入少于2．5万美元的人群中，只有45％的人愿意买份量小一点的食物。
事情是这样的，不是美国的工人不想吃的健康一点，而是美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工种下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
他们是指望薪金支票过日子的，希望能为来年的圣诞节节约一些钱来买圣诞礼物。
1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenA. to save food.B. to wash the dishes.C. not to waste food.D.not to eat too much.2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A. Because Americans associate quantity with value.B. Because Americans havebig bellies.C. Because Americans are good eaters.D. Because Americans aregreedy.3. What happened in the 1970s?A. The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to acustomer.B. Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C. The United States produced more grain than needed.D. The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?A. Many poor Americans want large portions.B. Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C. Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year.D. Twenty three percent Americas earn less than $25,000 per year.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A. They work long hours.B.They live from paycheck to paycheck.C. They don't want to be healthy eaters.D. They want to save money for theirchildren.第十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditionalcultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency / di'pend?nsi/ n.依赖性contemporary / k?n'temp?r?ri / α.现代的obligation / ,?bli'ɡei??n / n. 义务insurance / in'?u?r?ns / n. 保险welfare / 'welfε? / n.福利senile / 'si:nail / αdj. 衰老的grave /ɡreiv / αdj. 严肃的convalescent /,k?nv?'les?nt/ αdj.康复的sponsor / 'sp?ns?/ v. 发起，资助institution /,insti'tju:??n / n. 机构注释:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。