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英语语法独立主格结构讲解及习题

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我 们加倍努力,每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.总督思考这个问题时,更多的 罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.在向导的带领下,我们轻松地走出了森林。
构成
名词(代词)/逻辑主语+现在分词、过去分词;Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+形容词; The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+副词;Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. There being+名词 ;there being nothing else to do, we went home 名词(代词)/逻辑主语+不定式;She proposed a picnic, she herself to pay the railway tickets, and Mary to provide the food. 名词(代词) /逻辑主语+介词短语 ;the teacher entered the classroom, book in hand It being + 名词:It being X'mas, the government office was closed
2尾,用逗号将与主句其隔开
The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了,一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.许多官员跟在皇帝后面,有的 拎着皇帝的长袍,其他的则给他整理要带等。
其他形式的独立主格结构
1. 逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语 A.逻辑主语+名词 a.Many students joined in the math competition, most of them
children of no more than 10. 很多学生参加了这次数学竞赛,其中大多数 人年仅10岁。I received many gifts, many of them books.我收到很多书
2. 动词+ing形式的独立主格结构动词-ing形式的 句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语, 否则就是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与 主句的主语不一致时,就应在动词的-ing形式前 加上逻辑主语,构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格 结构,逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系,是分词 的动作执行者,分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发 出的动作。
3. 过去分词形式的独立主格过去分词形式的独立主格结构 是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主语与动词之间 为动宾关系,它是分词的动作承受者,这一结构在句中作 时间状语,原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。
This done, we went home.做完这个,我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.积蓄用完后,我们 都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance.如果 给予更多的时间和金钱,我们能提前完成这个工作。
5‘独立主格有其特殊的使用场合,多用于书 面,尤其是描述性语言中,口语中不经常使 用。
Iris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head.(口语) Iris lay on the grassplot , hands crossed under head.(书面) Iris头枕着手躺在草地上。 The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.(口语) The boy was knocked over, blood streaming down head.(书面)这个男孩 被撞倒了,鲜血从头上留下来。
1.表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句
The meal over, we began to work again.(=When the meal was over,we began to work again.)吃晚饭,我们又开始 工作。The homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.(=After the homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.)作业做完后,Jim决定去看戏
3‘独立主格结构中的being和having been常 可以省略
All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.所有 的窗户开着,屋子里的空气更新鲜了。All the tickets(having been) sold out, we had to wait for the next week’s show.所有的票都卖出去了,我 们只好等下周的演出。
独立主格结构 常见类型及其用法
概念
“独立主格结构”就是由一个相 当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓 语动词、形容词(副)词或介词 短语构成的一种独立成分。该结 构不是句子,也不是从句,所以 它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、 人称和数的变化,它与主句之间 不能通过并列连词连接,也不能 由从句阴道词引导,通常用逗号 与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很 多情况下可以转化为相应的状语 从句或者其他状语形式,但很多 时候不能转化为分词形式,因为 它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主 语不一致。
非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓 语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上 的主谓关系。 1. 不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表 示还未发生的行为或状态,在句中常作原因状语,有时做条件 状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.由于很多作业要 做,我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.如此多 的孩子要照顾,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。
【注意】 1. 当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”,being不 可以被省略。 2. 当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时,being不可以省略。
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构在句中往往做表 语,表时间、原因、条件、 方式或伴随状况。
【注意】独立主格结构表示时间、条 件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一 般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末; 表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个 并列句,通常放于句末。
3.表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句 Weather permitting, the football match will played on Wednesday.(=If weather permits, …)如果天气允许,足球比赛将在周三举行。The book written in simple English, it will be more popular.(=If the book is written in simple English, …)如果这本书用简易英语写的,它会 更畅销。 4.表方式或伴随状语或补充说明 She rushed into the room, a letter in her hand.(=…, with a letter in her hand)她手里拿着封信冲了进来。Saddie sat alone, head bent.(=…, with his head bent.)Saddie独自坐在那里,耷拉着脑袋 5.做定语,相当于一个定语从句 He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条2便没有路灯的马路上
独立主格的特点
1‘独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致,她独 立存在。
Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.树叶到处飘,我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语 是leaves,主句是 I) Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.时间允 许的话,回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work)
2.表原因,相当一个于原因状语从句
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. (=Because her shirt was caught on a nail,…)由于他的衬衫 挂在钉子上了,所以她动不了。The window broken, the cold wind blew into the room.(=Because the window was broken, …)由于窗户坏了,冷风吹进了这间房。
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