安徽大学硕士学位论文王阳明“致良知”哲学思想研究姓名：温寒露申请学位级别：硕士专业：中国哲学指导教师：王国良2010-04摘 要　王阳明是明代影响最大的哲学家之一，是心学的集大成者。

王阳明的学说是继承朱熹的理学发展而来，所不同的是，王阳明将朱熹理学中的心学成分经过演变，最终以“致良知”学说而独立出来，成为与朱熹理学不同，而又摆脱朱熹理学弊端的极富生机活力的心学体系，对我国哲学史的发展起到了深远的影响。

“致良知”学说则是其集大成思想的重要组成部分，“良知”与“致良知”二者构成了其心学一以贯之的思想体系。

　本文首先介绍了“致良知”思想产生的整体过程，并分析了其产生的时代背景和理论渊源。

在明朝社会矛盾不断激化、封建统治出现危机、程朱理学的正统地位开始动摇的情况下，王阳明致力于自己的内心，创立了与程朱理学截然不同的思想体系，给当时的学术界注入了新的活力。

“良知”沿袭《孟子》而来，取其精华，“致知”则是源于《大学》，王阳明在结合“良知”和“致知”的基础上提出自己的思想见解，赋予“致良知”道德修养的内涵。

此外，“致良知”的提出也经历了一个相当漫长的过程，由龙场悟道悟得良知，到而后的几十年虽然一直未提“良知”二字，但其思想已经融会贯通到其他哲学思想中，直到晚年始揭“致良知”的宗旨，前后历经数十年，来之实属不易。

　其次，本文第二章论述了作为本体的“良知”与作为工夫的“致良知”二者各自的涵义。

良知人皆有之、良知是天理之照明灵觉处、良知是天理、良知是判断是非善恶的标准、良知是心之本体是性善、良知是一切事物的主宰，“致良知”则有“致极”义和“实行”义。

阳明强调要通过自身的道德修养不断推广扩充自己内心的良知，然后还要把扩充到的良知付诸实践，要按照良知的准则去行事，并在此过程中逐步提高自己的道德修养，完善道德品格，最终才能成为圣人。

“良知”是本体，“致良知”是工夫，本体工夫不可离，在王阳明整个心学体系中，良知本体论与致良知工夫论，二者为先验世界与经验世界架构了汇通与融合的桥梁，是阳明心学的重要组成部分。

　再次，本文第三章从实践的角度阐释了“致良知”和“知行合一”思想的关系。

知行关系问题向来受历代哲学家所重视，阳明自然也不例外，但他的“致良知”思想可以看作是对“知行合一”思想的概括和深化，阳明强调要知行并进，知行二者不可偏颇，必须要相互统一，不可分离，做到知中有行，行中有知，其知与行的合一则突出强调了“致”的作用，带有强烈的实践精神。

他指出光有理论而没有实践是不行的，体认到得良知必须付诸实践才有意义，否则只是空谈理论，因此，阳明也教导弟子要在实事上下工夫，这样才能使良知的意志和理智得到锻炼。

且这种实践精神对毛泽东同志的《实践论》及贵阳等地的人们都有一定的影响，关于这一点，本文将在第四章进行论述。

　最后，另辟章节分析了“致良知”思想在阳明心学中的重要地位及其对现实的影响，以及王学的复兴所产生的意义。

“致良知”思想作为贯穿阳明学术思想的一条主线，具有总结性的意义。

它突出了人的价值，使人们从封建思想的束缚中解脱出来。

毛泽东同志的《实践论》也从阳明致良知学中吸取了精华，而且作为致良知思想的产生地——贵阳来说，其思想也具有一定的积极意义，“知行合一，协力争先”的贵阳精神就是对知行合一思想的继承，而致良知思想亦包涵了知行合一思想的精粹，由此可见，致良知思想的提出虽然已过数百年，但它作为一种道德学说，旨在通过整个致知过程来提高人的道德修养和道德境界，即使在今天依然闪耀着灿烂的光辉，对当今构建社会主义和谐社会也具有一定的指导意义。

　关键词：良知　致良知　本体　工夫　知行合一 AbstractWang Yangming is one of the most influential philosophers of the Ming Dynasty, is the synthesizer of Mind. Wang Yangming's doctrine is developed following Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism. The difference between them is that Mind of Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism is evoluted by Wang Yangming, which eventually resulted in the independence of “Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”doctrine.It became a dynamic system of Mind which is different from Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism, gets rid of defects of Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism, and plays a far-reaching impact on the development of history of philosophy in China.“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”doctrine is an important part of a comprehensive expression of thought.“Intuitive Knowledge”and“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”form a consistent ideology of Mind.Firstly, this paper introduces the whole process of the formation of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”,analyzes its historical background and its source of theories. Under the condition of intensification of social contradictions in the Ming Dynasty, of crisis of the feudal rule, of shakeness of the legitimacy of Neo-Confucianism, Wang Yangming is committed to his own heart and created a different ideology which injected new vitality into the academic community.“Intuitive Knowledge”followed“Mencius”,took its advantages, while“Extension of the Knowledge”is from “University”. Wang Yang Ming put forward his own ideas based on the combination of “Intuitive Knowledge”and “Extension of the Knowledge”, which gave “Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”moral connotations. In addition, the formation of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”also experienced a rather long process. Though the word “ Intuitive Knowledge” has not been mentioned for several years from conscience of the Long field to realization of “ Intuitive Knowledge”, its idea has injected into other ideological philosophy, and finally exposed the purpose of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”. It is a difficult process which experiences several years.Secondly, in Chapter Two, it describes the meaning of“Intuitive Knowledge”as ontology and of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”as work. Everyone has the intuitive knowledge. Intuitive knowledge is the Road, is the standard of right and wrong, is the ontology of the heart ,is good nature, is the master of all things.Themeaning of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”includes “To a very”and“implementation”.Wang Yangming stressed to expand their inner conscience consistently by the promotion of their own moral, then put into practice. Wang Yangming also stressed if you want to be a saint, you must act a ccording to the criteria of conscience, raise moral training and make moral character perfect in this process.“Intuitive Knowledge” is ontology,and“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”is work. They cannot be departed. In the whole system of Mind of Wang Yangming,theory of“Intuitive Knowledge”as ontology and of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”as work is an important part of Yangming Mind, which makes a bridge between the transcendental world and the experience world.Again, in Chapter Three, the author explains the relation between“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledg e”and “Unity of Knowledge and Practice”from a practical point of view. The relationship between Knowledge and Practice has been stressed by the philosophers all the time.So Wang Yangming is. But his thought of “Extension of the Intuitive Knowledg e”can be regarded as generalization and exacerbation of the thought of “Unity of Knowledge and Practice”.Wang Yangming stressed Knowledge and Practice must be unified, which highlighted in the “Extension”role with a strong practical spirit. He pointed that theory is not enough without practice. Intuitive Knowledge which be put into practice is meaningful.Therefore,in order that will and conscience reason of Intuitive Knowledge can be trained, Wang Yangming also taught his students to make efforts on Practice. And this spirit of practice produced an influence on “On Practice”of Mao Zedong and on people of Guiyang and other places. In Chapter Four of the article, the author will talk about it.Finally, the author analyzes importance of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”in Yangming’s Mind, its impact on reality, and its significance on the revival of Wang’s study. “Extension of the Intuitive Knowledg e”has conclusive significance as a theme through the academic thinking of Yangming. It highlights the value of human so that people can free from feudal thinking.“On Practice”of Mao Zedong absorbs the essence from the philosophical thought of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”.As well,its ideology also has a positive significance in Guiyang----the place that the thought of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”formed.“Unity of Knowledge and Practice,Cooperation for Excellence”as Guiyang’s spirit is an inheritance of Unity of Knowledge and Practice thinking.As we seen, thought of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”was put forward hundreds ofyears ago, but as a moral doctrine, it aims to improve people's moral nature and ethical realm through the whole process of “Extension of the Knowledge”.Even today, thought of“Extension of the Intuitive Knowledge”still brightly shines, and to some extent makes a guiding significance in building a harmonious socialist society.Keywords: intuitive knowledge;extention of the intuitive knowledge;ontology ;work; unity of knowledge and practice引　言　引 言　王阳明（１４７２－１５９２）名守仁，字伯安，浙江余姚人。