探讨辩证法的历史演变及发展

一、辩证法的历史演变

Evolution history, dialectics

辩证法，源出希腊文，含义是进行谈话、进行论战。这一术语在哲学史上曾在各种不同的意义上被使用，其历史发展经历了古代的朴素辩证法、以黑格尔为代表的唯心辩证法、马克思主义的唯物辩证法等三个阶段。

The dialectical method, derived from the Greek, meaning

the conversation, debate. The term in the history of

Philosophy in different sense is used, it has experienced

three stages of ancient simple dialectic materialism and

idealism, represented by Hagel's dialectics, Marx's

dialectics.

在古希腊哲学中，辩证法一词最早出现在柏拉图的着作《理念论》中，但是“辩证法”作为一种谈话或辩论时揭露和克服对方议论中的矛盾以取得胜利的艺术，还有更早的历史，亚里士多德正是在这个意义上将爱利亚派的芝诺称之为“辩证法的创立者”。在苏格拉底看来，辩证法是通过对立意见的争论而发现真理的艺术，而智者派则将辩证法作为一种据理论证的艺术而广泛运用，至于亚里士多德本人除了在“研究实体的属性”、“揭露对象自身中的矛盾”等含义上使用辩证法之外，还把它视作概念思维的逻辑方法，这使得“辩证法”其后常在逻辑学的意义上被使用。

In ancient Greek philosophy, dialectics word first appeared

in the works of Platon " theory of ideas ", but " Dialectics "

as a conversation or debate expose and overcome the

contradiction each other to win against the art, and the

earlier history, Aristotle is in that sense Eleatic school Zeno

called it "the founder of dialectical method ". In Socrates

view, dialectic is through the opposition argument and find

the truth of art, and the Sophists, dialectics as a reasoned

argument art and widely used, as Aristotle himself except

in the " Research on attributes of entity ", " revealed the

object itself in the contradiction between " meaning use

dialectics, also take a logical approach it as a conceptual

thinking, which makes the " Dialectics " was often in logic

meaning is used.

在漫长的中世纪，哲学沦为神学的婢女，一些经院哲学家把荒唐无稽的提问，空洞烦琐的考证，千篇一律的公式证明等也称之为“辩证法”，辩证法被糟蹋得声名狼藉。

In the long medieval philosophy, become the handmaiden

of theology, some scholastic philosopher put fabulousness

questions, empty tedious textual research, as the "

Dialectics " follow the same pattern formula that also known, dialectics was dreadfully gain extreme notoriety.

１８世纪末和１９世纪初，自然科学的发展和社会历史所显示的辩证性质为德国古典哲学家对辩证法的探讨提供了条件，康德之后，唯心主义辩证法大师黑格尔赋予了辩证法以新的含义，即辩证法不只是一种方法，同时也是适用于一切现象的普遍原则，是一种宇宙观。他说：“无论知性如何常常竭力去反对辩证法，我们却不可以为只限于在哲学意识内才有辩证法或矛盾进展原则。相反，它是一种普遍存在于其他各级意识和普遍经验里的法则。自然世界和精神世界的一切特殊领域和特殊形态，也莫不受辩证法的支配。”（《小逻辑》，第１７９页）黑格尔是哲学史上第一个明确地在宇宙观意义上使用“辩证法”概念的人，然而黑格尔的辩证法又是头脚倒置的，他讲的不是自然界和人类社会的现实的客观的辩证法，最终，其辩证法的生机被过分茂密的唯心主义体系窒息了。

At the end of eighteenth Century and early nineteenth

Century, providing conditions, Kant and the development

of natural science and social history shows the dialectical

nature of the dialectics of the German classical

philosophers, idealist dialectics of master Hagel gives new

meaning to the dialectical method, namely the dialectics is

not only a method, the general principle is also applicable to all phenomenon, is a view of the universe. He said: " no

matter how often tried to oppose the intellectuality dialectic,

but we can not be confined in the philosophy of

consciousness is dialectical contradiction principle or

progress. On the contrary, it is a kind of prevalent in other

levels of consciousness and common experience rules. All

the special field of the natural world and the spiritual world

and the special form, has been the subject of dialectics. "

( " logic", page 179th) Hagel is the first history of

philosophy clearly in view of the universe used on the

significance of " Dialectics " concept, but Hagel's dialectics

is upside down feet first, he speaks not of nature and

human society objective dialectics, finally, the dialectical

life is too thick the idealism system choke.

１９世纪中叶，马克思和恩格斯在概括革命实践经验和自然科学新成果的基础上，批判地继承了黑格尔的唯心主义辩证法，创立了崭新的唯物主义辩证法，使辩证法在历史发展中第一次取得了真正科学的形态，成为“关于自然、人类社会和思维的运动和发展的普遍规律的科学”，成为由对立统一、质量互变、否定之否定等基本规律以及本质与现象、内容与形式、原因和结果、必然性和偶然性、可能性和现实性等诸项范畴按其内在联系而组成的开放性的科学体系，为人们不断探索客观世界和主观世界的规律性指明了正确的方向，提供了科学的世界观和方法论原则。

The middle of the nineteenth Century, Marx and Engels

based on generalizing the practical experience of the

revolution and new scientific achievements, critically

inherited Hagel's idealistic dialectics, founded the new

materialism dialectics, the dialectics in the history of the

development has made the first real scientific form,

become a " universal laws of motion and development of

nature, the human society and the thought of science ",

become the basic law of the unity of opposites, mutual

change of quality and quantity, the negation of negation

and the essence and phenomenon, content and form,

reason and result, necessity and contingency, the

possibility and reality of the categories according to their

internal relations and the composition of the openness of

scientific system, pointed out the correct direction for

regular people continue to explore the objective world and

subjective world, provides a scientific world outlook and

methodology principle.

中华民族是崇尚辩证思维的智慧民族，虽没能像西方那样使辩证法最终走上成熟和科学的形态，但中国历代贤哲们那充