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英文合同中常用词的意义及用法

[收稿日期]2005-03-20

[作者简介]杨英(1978-),女,湖南邵阳人,助教,主要从事翻译工作。

英文合同中常用词的意义及用法

杨 英

(中国矿业大学国际合作与交流处,北京100083)

[摘 要]考虑到英文合同作为一种法律文书对条款用词的准确性和严密性的要求,文章对英文合同中常用的一些连接词、动词和短语进行了词义辨析,旨在促进相关词汇在英文合同中的正确使用,从而保证对外交流与合作的顺利进行。

[关键词]英文合同;词义辨析

[中图分类号]H313 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1008-9896(2005)02-0078-03

随着我国各种法律法规的日益完善,人们的法律意识在不断增强,日常生活中接触到的法律文件也越来越多。这不仅仅包括诸如合同法、仲裁法或公司法之类的法规条例,也包括各个企业制定的工作章程或者合同缔结双方制定的合同文本。英文合同作为对外交流和合作的重要媒介,在中国加入世贸组织并成功争取到2008年奥运会的举办权后,其重要性也会在人们的工作和生活中日益显现出来。

用词精确是法律文件的一个重要特点,因此在合同写作过程中,词语的正确选择是不可忽略的一部分,而英文合同的翻译,则在很大程度上取决于对合同常用英语词汇的正确理解。由于英语不是中国人的母语,英文合同译文中的措辞便成了许多人的薄弱环节。用词不当不仅会妨碍合同缔结双方正确的信息交流,严重者更会成为导致双方日后纠纷的隐患。本文将通过一些实例,探讨英文合同中常用的一些词汇的正确理解和使用的问题。

一、合同与Contract &Agreement

既然是讨论合同,自然首先应该给 合同 正名。到底 合同 在英文中应该是con tract 还是agreement?两者又有什么区别呢?

一般情况下,英语中的contract 被译为 合同 ,而agreemen t 被译为 协议 。

在S teven H.Gi fts 编著的 Law Dictionary 中,contract 被定义为 a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remed y ,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty ,意即合同是一种承诺,违反承诺的行为会受到法律的管制,从某种意义上来说,法律视这种承诺为一种义务。

L.B Curzon 在其编著的 A Dictionary of Law 中这样定义con -tract: Contract is a legally binding agreement 。也就是说,合同是具有法律约束力的协议。

1999年中国 合同法 第二条将contract 定义为: A contract in thi s law refers to an agreement establishing ,modifying and terminat -ing the civil ri ghts and obligations between subjects of equal footing,that is,between natural persons,legal persons or other organizations 。根据这一定义,合同是确立、更改和终止平等主体之间(包括自然人、法人或其他机构)的民事权利和义务的协议。

而 Law Dictionary 对于agreement 的定义是 A concord of un -derstanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative righ ts and du ties,of certain past or future facts or performance ,也就是说协议是双方或多方就某些过去或将来某些事情的有关权利、义务或者相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。

L.B Curzon 也对agreement 做了定义,即 A consensus of mind,or evidence of such consensus,in spoke or wri tten form,relating to anythin g done or to be done 。从这个定义理解,协议就是对已经做过的或以后将做的事情达成意见一致,并做出的口头或书

面形式的协定。

由此不难看出,agreement 的含义更广,其法律上产生的效应相对较小,可以缺乏contract 中不可或缺的必备条款(essen tial clauses/provisions)。在实际使用当中,这些必备条款也被称为一般条款(General Provisions)。1999年中国 合同法 中第十二条规定的合同八项一般条款包括title or name and domicile of the par -ties(当事方的名称或住址);contract object (标的);quantity (数量);quality(质量);price or remuneration(价格或者报酬);ti me li m -it,place and method of performance (合同履行期限、地点和方式);liabili ty for breach of contract(违约责任);methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)。

Contract(合同)和agreement(协议)虽然概念相近,但使用范围有所差别。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同,只有具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。

二、常用连接词

1.Hereby 的语义和用法

Hereby 经常用作合同中条款的开头语,也可用在条款中需要强调的地方,其含义是by means of;by reason of this,译作 兹、因此、特此 。

例如:The license hereby granted extends only to Beijing.License agrees that it will not make,or authorize,any use,direct or indirect,of the Name in any other area,and that it will not knowingly sell art-i

cles covered by thi s agreemen t to persons who intend or are likely to re -sell them in any other area.

上述条款中,hereby 是 特此,本文所指 的意思。该条款可以译作 本文所指特许权只在北京地区有效。被许可方同意不在其他地区直接或间接使用该商标的许可权利,且不在知情的情况下向有意或有可能在其他地区出售协议下产品的第三者销售该产品。

又如:The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the rem -edying of defects therein the Con tract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.

该段条款中,hereby 也是 特此 的意思;而covenant 做动词,表示 make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同 ;the Contract Price 则是指合同总价,即工程的总造价。因此,整段话可以理解为 雇主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同总价,或合同规定的其他应付款项,作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬 。

2.Hereto 与thereto 的语义和用法

Hereto 表示 to this ,即 上文提及的 ,比如the Parties hereto 就是指 本合同双方 ,而Appendix 1hereto 则表示 本协议附件1 。

第22卷 第2期 河 北 建 筑 科 技 学 院 学 报 (社 科 版) Vol 22 No 22005年6月 Journal of Hebei Insti tute of Architectural Science and T echnology (Social Science Edition) Jun 2005

例如:All disputes arisi ng from the performance of this Contract shall,through amicable negotiations be settled by the Parties hereto. Should,through negotiation,no settlement be reached,the case in q uestion shall then be sub mitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission,Beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied,the award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arb-i tration Com mission.

该段条款中,两次出现的hereto都是限定Parties,表示the Parties to this Contract,即本合同的双方;should置于句首引导虚拟语气,代替省掉的if,表示如果发生下列情况;the Chinese Inter-national Economic and Trade Arbitrati on Commission,Beijing是 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会 。因此,整段话可以被译为 对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终结性的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。

Thereto表示 to that ,即 随之,随附 。下面的例子有助于进一步理解thereto的作用:

例如:Licensee agrees to assist Licensor to the extent necessary in the procurement of any protection or to protect any of Licensor s rights to the Name,and Licensor,if it so desires may commence or prosecute any clai ms or suits in its own name or in the name of licensee or join L-i censee as a party thereto.

该段条款中,句末所用的thereto限定的是party,表示a party to the clai ms or suits,即特许权授予方可以与被许可方一起,作为诉讼的一方提出索赔或控诉。所以,整段话应该理解为 特许权接受方同意协助授予方保护对该商标拥有的权利。在必要的时候,特许权授予方可以以自己的名义、或以被许可方的名义或双方一起针对侵权提出索赔或诉讼。

Hereto或者thereto的使用,取决于to后面省略的宾语。如果根据上下文,该宾语前的限定词应该用this则用hereto来替代,而宾语前的限定词应该用that则用thereto来替代。上文两个例子中,前者to的宾语只能是this con tract,如果换成that contract,读者根本无法确定其具体所指,合同条款自然也就模糊不清了;而后者to的宾语则应该是that claim or suit,因为clai m or suit在该句前一部分已经提到过了,重复使用会使条款显得累赘。

3.Herein与therein的语义和用法

Herein表示 in this ,即 此中,于此 ,比如the con ten t herein 就是 the content in this Agreement ,意指 本协议中的内容 。阅读下面的例子,仔细体会herein的使用规律。

例如:Licensee agrees that in the event it should pay any other L-i censor a hi gher royalty or licensing rate or commission than that provid-ed herein for the use of the Name,then the higher rate shall automat-i cally and immediately apply to this contract.

该段条款中,句中出现的herein是在定语从句that provided herein中充当状语,表示in this contract,即本合同中规定的特许权使用费、许可佣金等;should仍然表示虚拟语气。因此,整段话可以被译为 特许权接受方同意,如果向其他特许权授予机构支付了高于本协议规定的特许权使用费或许可佣金,则这种较高的费率将马上自动适用于本协议。

Therein则表示 in that ,也指 此中,其中 。Therein与herein 的区别类似于thereto与hereto的区别,主要依据in后面所省略的宾语的限定词来决定。下面的例子就是therein的一种典型用法:

例如:Licensee recognizes the great value of the good will associat-ed with the Name,and acknowled ges that the Name and all rights there-in and good will pertaining thereto belon g ex clusively to Licensor,and that the Name has a secondary meaning in the mind of the public.

该段条款中,therein限定的是all rights,表示all ri ghts in the Name,即商标所附有的所有权力;good will在该协议中特指与商标相关联的信誉。所以,整段话应该理解为 特许权接受方认可与该商标相关联的信誉的价值,并确认这一商标、其所附有的所有权力以及该商标相关的信誉都专属于特许权授予方,且该商标在公众心目中具有相应的含义。

4.Hereunder的语义和用法

Hereunder表示 under thi s ,即 在此 之下 。下面的例子将有助于加深对hereunder的理解:

例如:Licensee agrees not to offer for sale or advertise or publicize any of the articles licensed hereunder on radio or television without the prior written approval of Licensor,which approval Licensor may gran t or withhold in its unfettered discretion.

该段条款中,hereunder作licensed的状语,起修饰限定的作用,表示licensed under this contract,即根据本合同规定进行的特许权授予行为;which引导的部分是非限制性定语从句,对ap-proval进行补充说明。因此,整段话可以被译为 特许权接受方同意,在没有得到特许权授予方的书面批准之前,不在电台或电视台做使用本合同商标的产品的宣传或广告。特许权授予方可以自由决定是否同意批准。

三、常用动词和短语

1.May,Shall和Should的区别

May,shall和should都属于情态动词,意思相近,但程度上有所差别,在合同中使用这几个词尤其要小心谨慎。如果选用不当,甚至可能会引起纠纷。

May在合同中使用指的是当事人的权力(可以做什么), shall约定的是当事人的义务(应当做什么),而should在合同中更多的是引导虚拟语气,表示 如果 的意思,可以看作是 if 。合同文件中,表示 应该 或者 必须 做某事时,应当使用shall 而不能用must,合同中的shall就具有强制性承担法律或合同义务的意思。

例如:The parties hereto shall,first of all,settle any dispute ari s-ing from or in connection wi th the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail,such di spute may be referred to the Peo-ple s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the ab-sence of any arbi tration clause in the di sputed contract or in default of a-greemen t reached after such dispute occurs.

这段条款应该理解为 双方首先应通过友好协商解决因合同发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定,或争议发生后未能就仲裁达成和解的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 其中先后出现的shall,should 和may就分别译为 应该 、 如果 和 可以 。

2.Request与Require的区别

Reques t与require都表示 要求 。英语中表示 要求 的词主要有三个,即ask,request和require。Ask是泛指,在使用上也比较口语化一点;request更多的被理解为 请求 ,是下级对上级提出的要求;而require则有order或demand的意味,表示 命令,要求 ,用于上级对下级的要求,并广泛用于法律条款对当事人的要求,以及业主对雇员的要求。所以,在合同中表示 要求 时应该使用require而不是request。因此,在表达 人民法院有权要求当事人提供或者补充证据 的意思时,应该表示为 A peo-ple s court has the authority to require the parties to provide or supple-ment evidences 。

3.Revoke与Rescind的区别

根据 牛津现代高级双解辞典 的定义,revoke的意思是 废止,撤销,取消;宣告(命令或允许等)无效 。同义词有repeal, cancel,withdraw(a decree,consen t,permission,etc)。例如, 取消决定 就是revoke a decision; 撤销委托 是revoke com mission; 吊销执照 则是 revoke a license 。而rescind是指legally repeal,annu-al,cancel(a law,contract,etc)即 废止(法律),撤销(法规、合约等) 。所以, 废除法律 是rescind a law; 取消判决 是rescind a

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judgment。这两个词虽然意思相同,但是所搭配的宾语不同,后者更多的用于法律文件。因此,在表达 合同无效或者被撤销后,因该合同取得的财产应当予以返还 的意思时,应该表示为 The property acquired by ei ther party as a result of a contract shall be returned to the other party after the contract is confirmed to be null and void or has been rescinded 。

4.Reject与Refuse的区别

Reject与refuse都含有 拒绝 的意思。Reject在 牛津现代高级英文辞典 中的解释是refuse to accept,即 拒绝接受、驳回 。比如, 驳回证据 是reject a proof; 不受理申诉 是reject a complaint。而refuse的意思是show unwillingness to accept(some-thing offered),也就是 不愿接受、拒绝 的意思。两者在使用上reject更正式一些,在法律文件中用得也比较多。但二者最根本的区别在于reject只能做及物动词,必须直接在后面接宾语,而refuse除了可以做及物动词以外,还可以接不定式,即refuse to do something。因此,在翻译 合同生效后,当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变更而不履行合同义务 时,就应该这样表达: After a contract becomes effective, the parties thereto shall not refuse to perform the obligations of the con-tract due to the modification of the ti tle or name of the parties thereto, or the change of the statu tory represen tative,the person in a responsible posi tion or the executive person of the parties thereto 。

5.Unless otherwise的语义和用法

Unless otherwise表示 除外 的意思,类似于if not或者other-wise,但表达更正式。该短语中的otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词,对其进行限定。比如, 除非合同另有规定 就可以译为 Unless otherwi se specified in the Contract 。因此,对于下面这个合同条款: These articles shall apply to documentary credits,including stand by letters of credit,to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable,and shall be binding on the par-ties to the Contract,unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto ,我们就可以这样理解: 本条文适用于一切跟单信用证,并包括在其使用范围内的备用信用证,对合同各有关方面均具有约束力,除非另有约定 。

6.In the event of/that的语义和用法

In the event of something或者in the even t that后面接从句,都是表示一种假设,有 如果,万一 的意思,相当于 when 或者 in case of 。我们可以通过以下两段条款中该短语的用法来增强对该短语语义和使用方法的理解。

例如:In the event that any of the articles listed in paragraph1 conflicts with any product of a present or future sponsor of a program on which the Name appears or is used,or with any product of a subsidiary or affiliate of such sponsor,then Licensor shall have the right to term-i nate this agreement as to such article or articles by written notice to L-i censee effective not less than30days after the date such notice is giv-en.

In the event of such termination,Licensee shall have60days after the effective date of such termination to dispose of all of such articles on hand or in process of manufacture prior to such notice,in accordance with the provisions of paragraph15.

上述两段条款分别用到了in the event that和in the event of,意思都可以理解为 如果,在 情况下 。整个条款则可以译为: 如果合同第一节所述的产品与目前、今后生产的使用该商标的产品,或其下属、附属机构生产的使用该商标的产品不同,特许权授予方有权终止该合同。特许权授予方书面通知接受方后30天此通知生效。根据第十五条的条款,特许权接受方在合同中之后有60天时间来处理手中的合同产品,和在接到终止合同通知前正在生产的产品 。

四、结束语

本文提到的词汇和短语毕竟有限,英文合同中还有许多常用的词汇,准确掌握了这些词汇和短语的语义和使用方法就能更好的理解英文合同,在英文合同写作中也就能够做到得心应手。限于本文的篇幅,作者就不在此一一赘述。此外,英文合同的句子结构也有自己的特点。要做到完全掌握并正确使用这些词语和句子,关键还在于日常工作学习中的积累。

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[责任编辑:王云江]

Meaning and usage of words commonly used in English contract

YANG Ying

(International Cooperation&Exchange Office,China Universi ty of M ining and T echnology,Beijing100083,China)

Abstract:Consideri ng the requirements of accuracy and strictness on treaty wording for English contracts,which is one type of legal documents, some conjunctive words and verbs that are commonly used in English contracts are discriminated in this paper.The ai m of this paper is to enhance correct usage of the concerned words in English contracts and hence to ensure successful international exchange and cooperation.

Key words:English contract;words discrimination;usage of words

80河 北 建 筑 科 技 学 院 学 报 (社 科 版)2005年

英语常用短语 一些不错的短语(写作使用)

by accident偶然 on account of… 因为…,由于… in addition to… 除…之外 on (the/an) average平均,一般来说 on the basis of… 根据…,在…的基础上 at (the) best充其量,至多 on business因公,因事 in any case无论如何,总之 in case of… 假使…,万一… in case假如,以防(万一)免得 in no case决不 by chance偶然,碰巧 in charge of… 负责…,主管… in common共用,共有,共同 in conclusion最后,总之 on condition that在…条件下 in connection with/to… 关于… in consequence因此,结果 in consequence of… 由于…的缘故 on the contrary反之,正相反 in contrast with/to… 与…成对照 under control被控制住 at all costs不惜任何代价 at the cost of… 以…为代价 in the course of… 在…过程中,在…期间 in detail详细地 in difficulties处境困难 on earth究竟,到底 at all events无论如何 in any event无论如何 in effect实际上 with the exception of… 除…之外 in the face of… 面对…,不顾… in favor of… 有利于…,赞成…,支持… in general通常,大体上 at heart在内心,实质上 in honor of… 为纪念…,向…表示敬意 at intervals不时,时时 at length终于,最后,详细地 at a loss困惑,不知所措 by all means无论如何,必定 by means of… 借助于…,用… by no means决不 by mistake错误地 in nature本质上 on occasion有时,不时 in particular特别地,尤其,详细地 in the first place起初,首先 in the last place最后 in practice实际上 at present目前,现在 in proportion to… 与…成比例 for (the) purpose of… 为了… on purpose故意,有意 at random随意地,任意地 at any rate无论如何,至少 by reason of… 由于… with/in regard to… 对于…,就…而论 with re spect to… 关于… as a result结果,因此 as a result of… 由于…的缘故 in the long run最终,从长远观点看 for the sake of… 为了…起见 at first sight乍一看,初看起来 in spite of… 不管…,不顾… in terms of… 依据…,按照… on the second thoughts经重新考虑,一转念 from time to time有时,不时 in truth事实上,实际上,的确 on the whole总的来说 have/gain access to…可以获得… take...into account把…加以考虑 gain/have an advantage over…胜过…,优于… take advantage of…利用…,趁…之机 make the best of…充分利用…,妥善处理… take charge of…担任…,负责… make a/the difference有影响,很重要 carry/bring into effect使生效,使起作用 put into effect实行,生效 come/go into effect生效,实施 keep an eye on…留意…,照看… bear/keep in mind记住 make up one’s mind下决心

英文合同合同常用词

英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同,就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高,往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解,下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍: 一、英文合同常用虚词(Usual Function Words) 1.Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则:Here 代表this,there 代表that,where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此,由此,兹等意。 例句:The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods

subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品,条件如下: Herein:in this。此中,于此。 例句:The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下,在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句:This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____(以下简称甲方)为一方,与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。

英语常用短语的用法与练习(17)

英语常用短语的用法与练习(17) 81. join in 参加;加入; 例句: ①Will you join me in a walk 你愿意和我一起散步吗 ②Let us join hands in friendship. 让我们携手共建友谊吧。 ③They didn’t have enough time to join in the activity.他们没有足够的时间来参加这个活动。 join短语: join sb. in sth.与某人一起做某事;join up入伍;参军;join up with sb.与某人联合;会合;join hands with sb.与某人拉起手来;合伙;联合; 辨析:join in/join/take part in/attend join in 参加正在进行着的活动。如游戏、讨论、辩论、谈话等。join ①参加某组织或团体,并成为其中一员;②来和某人待在一起。take part in 参加会议或有组织的群众性活动,并在其中发挥一定的作用。 attend 正式用语,指参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、上课、上学、

听报告等,句子的主语是去听去看,自己不一定起积极作用,相当于be present。 配套练习: (1).用join/join in/take part in/attend的适当形式填空: ①I decided to ______ the club to have dance training. ②Would you like me _______ to the game ③I ________________ a meeting last month. ④I will have to _________ his funeral next week. (2).选择题: ① ---Would you like to ______ us in this topic ---Yes, I’d like. in part in ② Every student wants to _______ the class meeting. in part in ③My brother _______ the Army for 3 years. joined joined in been in attended

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中英文合同中常用词词义的选择 英文合同中的词语是构成合同文本最基本的单位。对合同文本中的一些单词词义的正确选择,是翻译合同文书的前提和基础。如果选择的词义不确切,整篇译文就难以理解。在翻译合同文件时,会涉及到经济、法律、贸易、金融、技术等领域的专业词汇,这些词汇在不同的合同条款和上下文中的表达和词义有很大区别。即使在同一专业中的词义都有很大区别,因此我们必须仔细推敲,选择最确切的词义。例如:cover一词,作为动词讲一般都理解为“包括”,例如:The prices quoted in the brochure cover packing and are subject to 35%trade discount,可译为:“小册子所报的价格包括包装费在内,可有35%的商业折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句子,就不能将cover译成“包括”: (1) No doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. To cover this contingency we cabled you On Mar.29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks.句中的cover应理解为“应付”,全句可译成: 无疑,一定有某种致使装船延误的原因。为应付这一意外事件,我方已于3月29日电告你方,将信用证延期两周。 (2) If Party A insists on ifs original quotation. Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere 句中的cover指“购进货物”,全句可译成: 如果甲方坚持原报价,则乙方只能从其他方面购进其需要的货物。 (3) In order to cover our order, we have arranged with the Bank of China, Dalian Branch, a credit for USD 55,000. 句中的cover在这里表示“偿付”,全句可译成: 为支付我方订货,我方已联系中国银行大连分行开立55,000美元的信用证。 (4) Party B shall cover the goods with particular average. 句中的cover在这里的含义为:to insure sth against loss,全句可译成: 乙方将对该货物投保水渍险。 英译汉是如此,汉译英时也应该注意同类的问题。请看下面的句子: 如在解释上有分歧,应以英文本为准。 该句中的“解释”在汉英词典上可以有多种选择,如:explanation,construe,exposition,interpretation,但该句中的“解释”是对依法成立的合同条款的正式性解释,应选择interpretation,全句可译成: In case Of any divergence Of interpretations, the English text shall prevail。 以上例子仅是选择词义的一个方面。本章将就合同翻译时经常碰到的词义处理问题,归纳为三个方面:同义词的选择,一词多义的问题,容易混淆的词的处理。现分述如下: 1. Choice of Synonyms同义词的选择 同义词在英语中为数不少,在合同英语中也时常出现,翻译时必须作出正确选择。否则,如

英文合同常用词汇

英文合同常用词汇 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同,就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高,往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解,下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍: 一、英文合同常用虚词(Usual Function Words) 1.Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则:Here 代表this,there 代表that,where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此,由此,兹等意。 例句:The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品,条件如下: Herein:in this。此中,于此。 例句:The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下,在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句:This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____(以下简称甲方)为一方,与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。 Hereof:of this。关于此点,在本文件中。 Hereunder:under this. 本文件规定。 例句:Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合

英语常用短语的用法与练习(16)

英语常用短语的用法与练习(16) 76. help(...) out 帮助(某人)摆脱困难或危难; 例句: ①Can you help me out with the maths problem? 你能帮我解出这道数学题吗? ②Please help yourself to some fish. 请随便吃点鱼。 ③She can’t help laughing. 她忍不住大笑起来。 ④I can’t help but wait. 我只能等。 ⑤I will help out on my farther's farm this summer. 今年夏天我要到父亲的农场去帮忙。 help短语: help sb. with sth.帮助某人某事;with the help of 在……的帮助下;借助;help oneself to 请随便自己动手(夹菜吃、用……等);Can’t help doing sth. 禁不住,忍不住;can’t help but do sth. 只能;不得不; 用法: help out帮助,帮助…解决困难,帮助…对付:例句: He helped me out with my task. 他帮我完成了任务。 help somebody out:帮助某人摆脱困难; 配套练习: (1). 翻译句子 ①在老师和同学们的帮助下,小明终于摆脱了爱玩电子游戏的习惯。

②地震中,许多家长不得不眼睁睁地看着他们的孩子埋在废墟中。 (2). 单项填空 ①John, who is considered ____ a warm-hearted man, is considering ____ his neighbor out of trouble. A.to be; to help B. to be; helping C. being; to help D. being; helping ②Li Ming not only does well in his studies but also often _____ housework. A. helps B. helps C. helps in D. helps doing ③Can you _____ me out with this maths problem. I am not very good at maths. A. help B. bring C. make D. get ④We must ___ ourselves as soon as possible ___ the challenges that the new workbrings us. A. devote; to B. help; to C. adjust; to D. prepare; for 77. hold on=hang up别挂电话;坚持;继续; 例句: ①Please hold on.请稍候或Hold on,please.请不要挂断电话。 ②Hold on a minute while I get my breath back. 停一停, 让我喘口气. ③He held on to the rock to stop himself slipping. 他紧紧抓住岩石以免往下滑.

英文合同常用词

英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行,可双方同意而作出,也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同,其效力基本等同于terminate,不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务,将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿,即主动发出的行为。

合同中常用词及句型
1.常用虚词 shall, notwithstanding, as, foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above mentioned, according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant, under or in accordance with the agreement, as provided herein, as provided in hereof, include but not limited to, with prejudice, whereas, hereof, hereto, herein, hereby, hereinafter, hereunder, thereof,

英文合同常见词汇及句型

1、开场白(合同的当事人背景介绍) 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文:因此,双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同,并做如下约定: 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所,但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款: IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文:本合同由被正当授权之人,于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立,特此证明。 注释和说明: (1)“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭,立此为证”。 (2)“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”,而非“执行”。 4、 favor, “ in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种: 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守: This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication . 2) 根据(法律、法规、合同) 3) 作动词用,意思是“服从于…”,“率属于…”,“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、 Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、 Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、 For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、 Provided that 但是

英文合同常见词汇及句型

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最常用50个英文短语

最常用50个英文短语 1、first of all 2、in the meanwhile 3、from one’s point 4、generally 5、in conclusion /all in all 6、in accordance with/ according to 7、in terms of 8、apart from that/beside/in addition 9、rather than/ instead of 10、due to 11、in case 12、as far as I know 13、in view of 14、even though 15、prior to 16、as long as 17、as a reminder 18、from one’s perspective 19、in that case 20、on one’s behalf 21、for reasons outlined above 22、be subject to 23、in light of 24、as well 25、in my opinion 26、compared with/ in comparison with 27、by the way 28、to my knowledge/ based upon my understanding 29、actually/ as a matter of fact /in fact 30、to tell you the truth/ fankly speaking 31、in spite of 32、in order to 33、as usual 34、in principle 35、on the whole整体而言 36、as for至于 37、as you know 38、with regards to 39、as yet/ so far 40、for the time being暂时 41、in any case 42、what’s more /moreover/furthermore再者,而且 43、account for

英文合同中介词-连词等等常用词语解释

合同中常用词语解释 (2) (Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts) (2) 1. “here+介词” (2) 2. “there+介词” (2) 3. “where+介词” (3) 4. Shall (3) 5. should (3) 6. notwithstanding (4) 7. subject to (4) 8. without prejudice to (4) 9. unless otherwise (5) 10. except otherwise (5) 11. in witness whereof (5) 12. Know all men by these presents that... . (5) 13. including but not limited to (6) 14. provide that (6) 15. undersigned (6) 16. at one’s sole discretion (6) 17. accordingly (7) 18. as the case may be (7) 19. to the extent that (7) 20. save (7) 21. less (7) 22. for the purpose of (7) 23. the same (8)

合同中常用词语解释 (Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts) 不少人在阅读FIDIC合同条款时感到很吃力,其中一个重要原因是词语障碍。为了帮助读者解决这一困难,我们特意从红皮书中选择了一些这类的词汇和短语,对他们进行较为详细的讲解,以供参考。 1.“here+介词”所构成的合成词,如:hereafter(此后),hereby(特此,兹), herein(此中,于此),hereinafter(在下文中),hereof(关于这一点,在本文中),hereto (于此,至此),heretofore(在此之前,前此),hereupon(就在此刻),herewith(于此一道,随函附上)等。在这类合成词中,here相当于this,因此,hereafter = after this,hereto = to this,herewith = with this,余类推。请看下面例句: a)Example forms for the letter of Invitation and Instructions to Tenderers are reproduced hereafter, for use with any of the three Books. 下文复制了邀请函和投标人须知范例格式,供三本合同条件中的任何一本使 用。 b)Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract for the installation of Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties here to do hereby agree as follows. 鉴于乙 方与甲方订立合同,为甲方安装空调设备,双方达成如下协议。the Parties here to = the Parties to this contract:合同双方。 c)We enclose herewith a soft copy of this document. 随信附上本文件的软拷贝。Herewith = with this letter:随本信 2.“there+介词”所构成的合成词,如:thereafter(此后,其后,据此),thereby (因此,从而,由此;借此;在那附近),therefor(为此,因此,因之),therefrom(从哪里,从哪一点,从其中,从此),therein(在其中;在那件事情上,在哪一点上),thereinafter(在下文中,一下),thereof(其,其中;它的),thereon(在其上,就此),thereto(加于[协议]等之上,随附),thereunder(在其下;依照),thereupon(因此,关于此事;随即,随后),therewith(以此,与此;立刻,随即;同时,又)等。在这类合成词中,there相当于that,因此,thereafter = after that,thereto = to that,therewith = with that,余类推。请看下面例句: a)The Drawings shall remain in the sole custody of Engineer, but two copies there of shall be provided to the Contractor free of charge. 图纸应由工程师单独保管,但应免费为承包商提供两套图纸的复印件。Two copies thereof = two copies of the Drawings. b)The several documents forming the Contractor are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another, but in case of ambiguities or discrepancies the same shall be explained and adjusted by the Engineer who shall thereupon issue to the Contractor

【合同英语】合同条款常用英文词汇

【合同英语】合同条款常用英文词汇合同条款常用英文词汇 buyer 买方 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax 联系人 contact person 本合同由买卖双方签订,根据本合同条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物,运费 freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place

5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份,由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 涉外合同格式 涉外合同按繁简不同,尽管可以采取不同书面形式,如正式合同(Contract)、协议书(Agreement)、确认书(Confirmation)、备忘录(Memorandum)、订单(Order)等等,但是一般都包含如下几个部分: 一、合同名称(Title) 二、前文(Preamble) 1. 订约日期和地点 Date and place of signing 2. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所 Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses 3. 当事人合法依据 Each party's authority,比如,该公司是“按当地法律正式组织而存在 的”(a corporation duly organized

英语常用短语的用法与练习(13)

英语常用短语的用法与练习(13) 61. far from完全不;远非;远离; 例句: ①His work is far from satisfactory. 他的工作远不能令人满意。 ②He is far from well. 他并不健康。 ③The project is far from perfect. 这项企划很不完美。 far短语: far from easy 太不容易;far from (being) true/ the truth远远不是真的;so far as … is concerne d就……而论(中间用名词或代词);so far到目前为止(用现在完成时); 配套练习: (1). 翻译句子 ①They travelled far from home. ②Far from relieving my cough, the medicine aggravated it. ③His work is far from perfect. (2). 单项填空

①She is __________ being pleased about it; she is very angry. A. frequent B. quite C. far from D. rather ②--- What do you think of the town __________ --- Oh, it is very beautiful. A. so far B. by far C. too far D. far and away ③They all lived in the village thirty miles _____ from the city. A. away B. far C. far away D. faraway ④He’s _____ pleased with your work A. far away from far far 62. in favour of赞成;支持;有利于;主张; 例句: ①Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today今天你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗 ②Both countries seem to favour the agreement. 两个国家似乎都更倾向于这份协议。 ③The child favours his father with his brown eyes. 这个孩子棕色的眼睛像他的父亲。

英语常用短语的用法与练习(1)

英语常用短语的用法与练习(1) 1. above all首先;尤其;最重要的是; 例句: ①We have all but finished the work. ②The day turned out fine after all. ③Children need many things ,but above all they need love. ④He wasn't at all tired. ⑤Do you feel ill at all(真的,确实)? ⑥There were twenty in all at the party. ⑦Never waste anything, and above all, never waste time.不要浪费东西,尤其是不要浪费时间。 短语: above all是从事物的重要性上说的“首先,最重要的是”。first of all 是从事物的排列顺序上说的“第一”。in all表示“总共;总而言之”。after all表示“毕竟”。all in all 从各方面考虑;总的来说;not at all 不用谢;all long 一直,始终;all but 几乎,差点没(=almost,nearly)配套练习: 单项填空 ①—Would you like to see a film with me? —I’d love to, but I cannot; ____ , I am busy. For another, I don’t want to go out today.

A. for one thing B. for example C. for another thing D. above all ②I'd like to buy a house -- modern, comfortable, and ____ in a quiet neighborhood. A. in all B. above all C. after all D. at all ③In order to continue to learn by ourselves when we have left school, we must ____ learn how to study in the school now. A. in all B. after all C. above all D. at all ④I’d like buy a house --- modern, comfortable, and _____ in a quiet neighborhood. A. in all B. above all C. after all D. at all 2. by accident = by chance偶然;无意中;不小心; 用法: by accident,其意为“偶然地”“无意地”,主要用作状语,有时也用作表语。 例句: ①Last time I ran across her in the street by accident.上次我偶然在街上碰见她了。 ②I only found it by accident.我只是碰巧找到的。 ③None of my inventions camebyaccident.我所有的发明都不是偶然的。by短语:

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