帝国：全⾯战争——科技单位介绍

Fougasse

Fougasse

This defensive weapon is a landmine constructed by military

engineers and fired by the defenders lighting a fuse. A fougasse

consists of a pit, sometimes dug at an angle, with gunpowder packed

into the bottom and suitably wrapped to keep it dry. The hole is then

backfilled with rubble and stones, taking care not to break the fuse,

creating a huge “canister shot” weapon. Any enemies caught by the

explosion are blown to smithereens by the blast. Damp, of course,

will cause the fougasse to misfire, like any other gunpowder weapon.

Historically, a later and nastier, refinement used a flintlock

mechanism to fire the charge. As well as making the explosion more

reliable, this allowed military engineers to turn the fougasse into a

booby trap. A piece of twine tied to the trigger acted as a

tripwire:an unfortunate booby then stumbled and fired the device

into himself and his nearby comrades.

During the 20th Century, the fougasse was refined into a

flamethrower by burying oil drums on top of the explosives. And at

the time of writing, the fougasse remains in use, as only one of the

IEDs(improvised explosive device) used by insurgents against

occupying forces in Iraq

这种防御性武器是⼀种简易的原始地雷，在战前由⼯兵埋设并在恰当

的时机点燃引信引爆。埋设地雷⽅法很简单：在地上挖⼀个与地⾯成⼀定

⾓度的洞，把⿊⽕药包好(防⽌⽕药受潮)放在洞底，然后把引信牵出来，拉到引爆者⼿⾥，最后⽤碎⽯块把洞填上，注意不要损坏引信，就⾏了。

定向地雷的爆炸效果类似于特⼤号的霰弹：任何处于杀伤半径内的⼈都会

被猛烈的爆炸和飞溅的碎⽯撕成碎⽚。当然，和其他⽕器⼀样，潮湿的天

⽓经常导致地雷哑⽕。

后来的改进版定向地雷使⽤燧发装置引爆。绊索由合股细线制成，⼀

头系在燧发装置的扳机上。只要某个呆头呆脑的倒霉蛋触动了绊索，剧烈

的爆炸就会把他和他附近的同伴们掀上天。

在写这篇⽂章的时候，作为⽬前唯⼀仍在使⽤的IED(简易爆炸装置)，

定向地雷依然活跃在战场上。联军在伊拉克经常遭到恐怖分⼦埋设的IED

的袭击。实际上，在伊拉克，死于IED的美军⼈数占总阵亡⼈数的40%以

上，⽐死于战⽃(32%)的还要多。

Square Formation

Square Formation

A defensive posture for musket-armed infantry units, creating an

impassable wall of steel to fend off cavalry attacks. As the name

suggests, this is four two- or three-rank lines of infantry arranged as

a hollow square, with everyone facing outwards. It is a version of

the obsolete pike “hedgehog”, making any cavalry charge a suicidal

exercise. Bayonets are fixed to muskets when appropriate and

possible. Forming a square requires good order in the ranks. The

outer companies of an infantry unit in line have to “fold back” to

form the sides and back of the square, without losing cohesion in the

process. The unit colours take up station in the centre, a final

rallying point should the square be broken. It is also possible to

form larger squares with more than one unit. The square is, of

course, a tempting target for enemy artillery. Whether it is better to

form square in the face of cavalry and risk an artillery barrage, or

stay in line to mitigate artillery fire and risk a cavalry charge can bea tactical conundrum! Theoreticians argued infantry could defeat a

cavalry charge by firepower alone. Brigadier General Richard Kane

(later Military Governor of Gibraltar) remarked, “If a body of Foot

have but Resolution and keep their Order, there is no Body of Horse

dare venture within their Fire…” but for him that fire was to be

delivered from a square, not a line. He was arguing for discipline as

the key to success

⽅阵

⽅阵是装备带刺⼑的滑膛枪的步兵使⽤的⼀种⽤于防御的阵型，如同

铁墙⼀般使前来进攻的骑兵不能越雷池⼀步。

如它的名字⼀样，⽅阵由四组排成两线或三线的步兵组成⼀个空⼼正

⽅形，所有⼈都朝向外侧。这是旧时代长⽭兵刺猬阵的新版本，⼠兵们在

此时为滑膛枪上刺⼑，能使任何发起冲锋的骑兵在密集的刺⼑上撞成筛

⼦。组成⽅阵需要军队纪律严明。侧翼的连队需要进⾏折叠机动以构成⽅

阵的侧⾯和背⾯，在此过程中队形不能发⽣丝毫混乱。掌旗官⼿持军旗⽴

于⽅阵中⼼—距离敌军最远的位置。当然，也可以⽤更多的单位组成较⼤

的⽅阵。不过，⽅阵是敌军炮兵最好的⽬标，因为所有⼈都挤在⼀起。是

冒着被炮⽕打得粉碎的危险组成⽅阵抵御骑兵冲击?还是冒着被骑兵冲锋的

危险维持线形阵以减轻炮击伤亡?这是战术指挥官的两难抉择。军事理论家

倾向于步兵应该使⽤远程⽕⼒阻挡骑兵的冲锋。准将理查德·凯恩(晚期的

直布罗陀军政*府总督)评论到：“如果步兵部队意志坚定，纪律严明，没有

骑兵敢于冲进他们的弹幕……”但是此句的前提是这些弹幕是从⽅阵中射出

的，⽽不是单薄的线形阵。他的核⼼意思是说，纪律是胜利的关键.

Platoon Firing

Platoon Firing

This firing plan for musketry ensures an infantry unit keeps up a

continual barrage of shots against an enemy. Nearly all line infantrycarry smoothbore, muzzle-loading muskets. These take considerable

time to reload after firing: anything up to a minute for poorly trained

or nervous troops. During that time, the enemy can close or return

fire unmolested. In the time it takes to reload, a unit can be cut

down, its half-loaded weapons useless in the face of an aggressive

foe. It is sensible to make sure that not everyone in an infantry unit

is reloading at the same moment; this, in turn, means that not

everyone should be firing at the same time. Platoon fire is a way of

dividing a unit into smaller groups that each fire, reload and fire

again in turn. The result is a “rippling fire” down a line formation

and, as the last platoon fires its muskets, the first is ready to fire

again. A unit can always give some fire to the enemy at all times,

even if this is less than a complete volley. When more than one unit

is involved all the troops in every first platoon fire, followed by all

the second platoons, and so on, creating several rippling barrages

down the battle line. The word “platoon” in this context does not

have the modern meaning of being a sub-unit of a military company.

Platoon assignment to what was a “fire group” was made on an ad

hoc or informal basis, and could mean a whole regiment being

assigned to a “platoon”

轮射

这种开⽕⽅式能够保证步兵向敌⼈倾泻连续不断的⽕⼒。⼏乎所有的

战列步兵都使⽤前装滑膛枪。重新装填这种武器实在是⼀件⿇烦事：对于

缺乏训练的新兵来讲，战场⽓氛带来的紧张⾜以使这个过程持续⼀分钟以

上。在这段时间⾥，敌军⾜以接近到能发起冲锋的距离或者跑到射程以

外。⼀⽀装填了⼀半的步枪在⾯对⽩刃冲锋的敌军时没有半点⽤处，它的

主⼈将被⽆情地刺死。因此，明智的做法是让⼠兵们装填弹药的时间错

开，也就是说，不能进⾏全齐射。

轮射战术将步兵们分为较⼩的单位，每个单位处于开⽕或装填的不同

状态。结果就是步兵阵线上的⽕⼒如涟漪般连绵不绝，当最后⼀组⼠兵开

⽕之后，第⼀组⼠兵已经装填完毕，可以再次开⽕了。这样，步兵阵线就

可以保持不间断的⽕⼒。当然，这种⽕⼒没有全齐射那么凶猛。当较⼤的

步兵单位排成战列线时，往往第⼀排⾸先开⽕，然后是第⼆排，依次往下

实现轮射。

在这⾥，“排”并不是指现代部队中的排级编制。“排”仅仅是⼀组同时

开⽕的⼠兵，可以是临时编制的⼩群，也可以是⼀整个团。

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