标签：
美国合同法杂谈分类：法规公约条约诉讼仲裁公证
CONTENT目录 (共十六章385条)
Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义
Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY
第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力
Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT
第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致
CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERATION
第四章合同的订立——约因
CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误
CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 第七章虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当阻碍
CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY 第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行
CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
第九章合同义务的范围
CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
第十章合同的履行与不履行
CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE
第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空
CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION
第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务
CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES 第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人
CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人
CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON
第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托
CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济
Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义
§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义
A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.
合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，假如违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；假如其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
§2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 允诺；允诺人；受允诺人(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.
允诺确实是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思表示使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺差不多作出。
(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.
作出该意思表示的人是允诺人
(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.
该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。
(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.
假如该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为受益人。
§3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED协议的定义；
An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances.
.交易磋商约定的定义一个协议确实是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换，或为义务履行之间的交换而
达成的协议。
§4. How a Promise May Be Made 允诺如何作出
A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.
一个允诺能够用口头言词或书面文字作出，也能够完全或部分地从行为中推断而得。
§5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract允诺，协议或合同的条件
(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.
允诺或协议的条件确实是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔约的赞同。
(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the
parties manifest an intention to create those relations. 合同的条件确实是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺，由此引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些法律关系。
§6. Formal Contracts要式合同
The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:
下列类型的合同依照其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法律规则的调整：
(1) Contracts under seal, 盖印合同
(2) Recognizances, 保证书
(3) Negotiable instruments and documents,.可流通票据和单据
（4）Letters of credit信用证
§7. Voidable contracts可撤消的合同
A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.
假如合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同，撤消该合同差不多建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。
§8. Unenforceable Contracts不能强制执行的合同
An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.
不可强制执行的合同是指如此一种合同，即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不可适用，然而却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的履行义务。
Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY
第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力
§9. Parties Required合同当事人
There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.
合同必须至少有两个当事人，即允诺人和受允诺人，然而也能够有两个以上更多的当事人。
§10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance
针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人
(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.
假如一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺人能够就同一项履行作出允诺，不管他们是否就个不的义务履行作出允诺。
(2) Where there are more promises than one in a contract,
a promise may be made to some or all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or another performance is separately promised to one or more of them.
假如一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人能够一个单位作出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人允诺。
§11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee
何时允诺人和受允诺人能够同为一人
A contract may be formed between two or more persons acting as a unit and one or more but fewer than all of these persons, acting either singly or with other persons. 在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之间能够缔结合同，这些人能够单独地或者同他人
一起行事。
§12. Capacity to Contract缔约能力
(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances. 没有法律行为能力的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的，该合同对缔约人并没有约束力。是否享有部分缔约能力以及是否就某一特定交易享有缔约能力取决于该交易的本质或者其他一些情况。
(2) A natural person who manifests assent to a transaction has full legal capacity to incur contractual duties thereby unless he is
一个自然人假如就某项交易作出同意的意思表示，则该自然人享有完全合法的创设合同义务的缔约能力，除非该自然人是
(a) under guardianship, or处于监护之中，或
(b) an infant, or为成年人，或
(c) mentally ill or defective, or有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或
(d) intoxicated. 醉酒者。
§13. Persons Affected by Guardianship受监护的人
A person has no capacity to incur contractual duties if his property is under guardianship by reason of an adjudication of mental illness or defect.
假如一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其财产处于监管之中，则该人没有创设合同义务的行为能力。
§14. Infants未成年人
Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual
duties until the beginning of the day before the person’s eighteenth birthday.
除非法令另有规定，自然人在18 岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为能力。
§15. Mental Illness or Defect有精神病或精神缺陷的人(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect
在下列情况下，一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是能够撤消的：
(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or
他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.
他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易，同时交易的相对方有合理的理由明白这一事实。
(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.
假如合同的缔结是基于公平的条款，同时他方当事人不明白该缔约人患有精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，假如该合同差不多被全部或部分地履行或者情势变更，以至撤消该合同有失公平，则在(1)小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用。在这种情况下，法院能够依公平正义之需判决给与当事人救济。
§16. Intoxicate Persons醉酒的人
A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by
entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication
假如缔约他方当事人有合理的理由明白一方当事人由于醉酒存在下列情况，则该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是能够撤消的。
(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or
他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction,
他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易。
Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT
第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致
TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL主题一一般规定
§17. Requirement of a Bargain交易磋商的条件
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of
a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.
除(2)小节的规定外，合同的订立要求当事人就允诺与允诺、允诺与义务履行、以及义务履行之间的交换和约因意思表示一致。
(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in §§82-94.
合同能够依据适用于正式合同中的专门规则或依据§§82-94 中的规则订立，不管有没有交易磋商。
TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL主题二意思表示的一般条款
§18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent意思表示一致Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance.
对一个交换作出一致的意思表示要求各方当事人作出允诺或开始或实施一项义务履行。
§19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent依意思表示实施的行为
(1) The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.
意思表示能够完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出。
(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents. 一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的，除非他有意实施这一行为，同时明白或有理由明白他方当事人能够从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思。
(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause.
一方当事人的行为能够作为意思表示，尽管事实上他并没有此缔约意思。在这种情况下所缔结的合同能够基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消。
§20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING误解的效力
(1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and
假如当事人就他们的意思表示给予了实质上不同的理解，同时有如下情况存在时，则表明他们就磋商的交换没有达成一致：
(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or
双方当事人任一方都不明白或没有理由明白对方的意思表示所给予的含义；或
(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.
任一当事方明白或有理由明白对方的意思表示所给予的含义。
(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if
一方当事人能够依据该意思表示所指的含义执行该意思表示，假如
(a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or
该当事人不明白另一方当事人所指的不同含义，而另一方当事人明白第一方当事人所指的含义。
(b) that party has no reason to know of any different
meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.
该当事人没有理由明白另一方当事人所指的不同含义，而另一方当事人有理由明白第一方当事人所指的含义。
§21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND具有法律拘束力的意图Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a contract.
当事人有关允诺具有法律拘束力的意图不管是真实的依旧表面的，关于合同的缔结并不重要，然而假如当事人作出允诺并不阻碍当事人法律关系的意思表示，则当事人之间的合同并不成立。
§22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance合意的模式：要约与承诺
(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one