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Topics : 5.1 What is semantics 语义学的定义 5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 关于意义研究的一些观点 5.3 Lexical meaning 词汇意义的主要意义关系 5.4 Sense relations between sentences
物体的名字或标记
Limitations局限性: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…

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Reference 指称 （referent词语所指事物）
---- what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world 语言和客观世界的关系
It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
戴炜栋主编英 语语言学教程 第4章课件 _Semantics
Chapter Five Semantics
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Questions (the rhetoric use of English words): 1) Why is a river rich? 2) Why Saturday and Sunday are the strongest days? 3) What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”
thought/concept/image指称
Symbol符号 (word)
stands for
referent所指 (object)
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5.2.3 Contextualism 语境论

Meaning should be studied in terms of situation场景, use用法, context语境 — elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: 1) Situational context 2) Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation. e.g.“black” in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in meaning.

Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Aristotle.
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The meaning of meaning （“meaning”的意义）
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Meaning: “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” (Bloomfield Behaviorists) The story of Jack and Jill: Jill Jack S_________r--------s_________R 生理刺激—语言反应—语言刺激—非语言反应
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Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; （your dog and my dog ) On the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star; rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk. The moon in foreign countries is rounder ?
句子之间的意义关系
5.5 Analysis of meaning 意义分析
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1. 5.1 What is semantics
---- the study of meaning in language. What is meaning?
The meaning of words: Lexical semantics The meaning of sentences: Propositional meaning, compositional meaning
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5.2.2. The conceptualist view 概念论

The view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what is refers to. This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle经典语义三角理 论 suggested by Ogden & Richards
他的目光表露了他全部意图
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What is the meaning of life? (sense意义)8 Nhomakorabea
What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you? （signify表示)
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Words are names or labels for things.词语只是

John means to write.(intend 打算) A green light means to go.(indicate 指 示“行”)
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Health means everything. (indicate)

健康意味着一切

His look was full of meaning. (intention)