Morphological（形态学的） rules
The rules that govern the formation of words: in general, English words are formed through six ways. Derivation/Affixation派生/词缀: to add a prefix or a suffix to a word or a root to change either the part of speech or the meaning, or both of the original word. e.g. play—replay, read----reader
* Conversion转化: to change the part of speech of a word without any change in its form. e.g. a new carpet-------to carpet the room * Abbreviation 缩略 Clippings: examination-----exam, influenza----flu Acronyms: Federal Bureau of Investigation --- FBI Blendings: motor hotel----motel, breakfast lunch----brunch * Back-formation 逆成 eg. burglar----burgle, editor----edit * Jingles 重叠 e.g. inf. diner---din-din
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
Free morpheme（自由词素）----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme(粘着词素)----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They cannot stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
Inflectional morphemes-屈折词素--- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g. a) number: tables apples cars b) person, tense: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/John’s
e.g. The indefiniteness morpheme a bag an apple Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of indefinite morpheme. e.g. The plural morpheme map----maps [s] dog----dogs [z] watch----watches [iz] mouse----mice [ai] ox----oxen [n] tooth----teeth sheep----sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.
Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik （奇装异服言行乖僻的人, 垮了的一代）(a member of the Beat Generation), email, internet, “ 做秀，时装 秀…” in Chinese.
Word Structures
A root（词根）is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional & derivational) are removed, e.g. “desire” in “desirable”, “care” in “carefully”, “nation” in “internationalism”, “believe” in “unbeliev(e)able”…
Some points about compounds
When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady（女房东）, icy-cold, blue-black… When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong（固执）, pickpocket（扒手）…
N(noun) → V(verb) - Af(affix) e.g. teacher → teach-er
Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme
Derivational morphemes-派生词素--- the morphemes which change the category (grammatical class of words), or add some lexical meaning, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, order --- reorder, agree--- disagree, putting two words or roots together to form a new word with a certain syntactic relationship within the newly formed word e.g. blackboard----The board is black. ladylike---sb is like a lady.
Compounds
have different stress patterns from the noncompounded word sequence, e.g. red ‵coat （红外套） green ‵house （绿色房子） black ‵bird （黑色的鸟） hot ‵dog (热的狗) black ‵smith catch ‵word pig ‵pen
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism （反对国家对教会不予承认论）
Affix
Prefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.
Chapter 3 Morphology
Definition: Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Open class word and closed class word
The
(英国军人) ‵greenhouse （温室） ‵blackbird(画眉,燕八哥) ‵hotdog （热狗） ‵blacksmith (铁匠) ‵catchword (时髦语) ‵pigpen（猪舍）
‵redcoat
meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Compare：