练习 1.计算机是人类(man)所曾有过的最有效 (efficient)的助手。 2.为了获取信息（access the information ）， 用户只需要启动网络浏览器（web browser）、访问网站就可以了。
puters are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.
2. 现在我们能够解像出现(occur)在物理 中的这种微分方程（differential equation）了。
1.This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together. 2.Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.
2.All the user has to do in order to access the information is start a web browser and visit the web site.
3.省略定语从句引导词情况 1)This component carries out the instructions we give it. 2)在way, distance, reason, time, number of times (units), amount, direction等后可省引 导词 Work is the product of the force and the distance (through which /that )a body moves.
5. As引导的定语从句 (1)As引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句 As we shall see, acids and bases play an important role in the functioning of the human organism. 顾名思义”的表示方法 As the (its, their) name shows/ indicates/ implies/suggests…
As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.
(2)先行词前有such或the same时用as引导定 语从句 Such meters as we use to measure current are called ammeters. 练习 1.这单个力(single force)产生的效应 (effect)与那几个力一起(those forces together)产生的效应相同。
5. 这是给定的两个矢量为其边的一个平行四边 形。 This is a parallelogram __which the two given vectors are sides. 6. 压强等于总的力除以被施加的面积。 The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area __ which it is exerted. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.
6. 特殊定语从句 （1）But引导的状语从句充当名词修饰语 There is no man but errs. 没有任何人能够不犯错误。（从句意中可以发 现，but带有一层否定的意思，相当于“who not”） There is no man who does not err. There is no mother but loves her children． There was no one present but knew the story already．
2. 电子在其上面产生图像的显像管的表面称 为荧光屏。 The surface of a picture tube ___ which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.
The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.
2. 先行词为不定代词（anything, all, little等） 或被序数词、形容词最高级或only, no, very 等修饰时只能用that
This is the largest aircraft that has ever been manufactured in China.
注意：“all (that)+定语从句”表示“只需要”， “只能”，“只” 我们只需按一下这个按钮。 All we need to do is to press this button.
(3)特殊结构 As+过去分词/ 介词短语/ 副词 The basic organization of such a system is as shown in Fig. 6. As before, F1 and F2 have different lines of action. 练习 这个电流正如预计的那样十分小。 This current is, as predicted, very small.
第4章 学术论文写作常见问题与错误分析 (sentence writing) 1词类(冠词、连词、数词、介词、副词、形容 词、名词) 2否定，形容词和副词比较等级 3 动词非谓语形式 4 从句 5 句子成分的强调 6 倒装 7 省略 8 分隔修饰
定语从句
1.基本定语从句
关系代词(who，whom, that, which, whose)在 从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语 关系副词(where, when, why)在从句中作状语
（2） 由since, as, when , while, after, before 等引导的时间状语从句充当名词修 饰语
Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.
In the ten years since this banges have been seen in metal-working.
3.组成水的两个元素是氢和氧。 The two elements __ which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen. 4. 作者要感谢本书所属的那套丛书的编辑们。 The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series ___ which this book belongs. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series to which this book belongs.
练习 1.如标题所示，本章将讨论非线性方程。
___________, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations. 2.顾名思义，流体(fluid)就是一种容易流动 的物质(substance)。 ___________, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.
4. 介词＋which引导定语从句 与被修饰名词的搭配 The rate __which work is done is referred to as power.
与从句中动词、名词或形容词所需的搭配 The wavelength __ which the eye is most sensitive is 5.5×10-5cm. 由整个句子所要表达的概念来确定 A magnet can cause an electric current in a wire near which it is moved.
练习 1.雷达可以测出无线电回波(radio echo)返回 所需的时间。 2.我们必须计算出该物体被提起(lift)的距离。 3.需要确定y分量降为零的时间。 4.这个质点(particle)每秒钟振动(vibrate)的次 数（number of times）被叫做频率。
1.Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return. 2.We must calculate the distance (that) the body is lifted. 3.It is necessary to determine the time （when/that/at which） the y-component decreases to zero. 4.The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.
练习 1.该圆切割实轴(the axis of reals)的点处 于a=b处。