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对一个话题进行总结
对一个话题进行总结：on the whole; in short; all in all; in general; in brief；to sum up；in conclusion; in summary； to conclude； in a word. Eg: On the whole, the area of desert in the world is growing every year. In short, the film was the best I’ve ever seen.
4.表让步
4.表让步: although; though; while; even if/though; while; as倒装句；疑问词-ever; no matter +疑问词; despite; in spite of; however; in any case; Eg: While I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive.
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2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要 由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为 启、承、转、合。“启”就是开 头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折 ，“合”是综合或总结。
（1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡 词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…, As the proverb says…, It goes without saying that…, It is clear/obvious that…, Many people often ask …
2.表转折
2.表转折：but; however; yet; instead; on the contrary（相反地）; nevertheless（然而）; otherwise; after all(毕竟). Eg: It’s too hot to go for a walk, let’s go swimming instead.
Fail as I did, I would never give up.
5.表目的
5.表目的: in order to/that; so as to; for fear that; so that(以便); lest; in case（以防，以免）. Eg: He ran away lest he should be seen. She took an umbrella with her for fear (that) it might rain.
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用于陈述事实
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用于陈述事实：in fact; in reality; as a matter of fact; actually; to tell you the truth. Eg: She says it’s a good film. Actually, she hasn’t seen it at all. To tell you the truth, who will go to the meeting is not important.
（3）用于“转”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或 过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：



but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate, nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead, I do not believe that…, Perhaps you’ll ask why… This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…, Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found, That’s why I feel that…
(2)引出结果
(2)引出结果: so; therefore; thus; hence; as a result/consequence; in consequence; consequently; account for（v，是…的原 因）; result in（vt，导致）; lead to（vt， 导致）; bring about（vt，导致）; cause （vt，导致）; so that(以致); (so…)that; (祈使句+)and/or/otherwise（+句子） Eg: These birds are very rare and therefore protected by law.
1.表顺承、补充与递进
1.表顺承、补充与递进: and; what’s more; besides; moreover; furthermore; in addition; additionally; further （而且，况且）; similarly; also; either; too; what’s worse; on the one hand...，on the other hand...； to make matters/things worse(使事情 更糟的是). 如：I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. The rent is reasonable, and moreover, the location is perfect.
6.表条件
6.表条件: if; unless; once(一旦,用于将来动 作); so/as long as（只要）; suppose (that); supposing that; providing (that); provided (that) ; assuming (that) ; given that; on condition that（如果）; in case+句子; in case of+名词（万一）. Eg: Given that the patients have some disabilities, we will try to enable them to be as independent as possible. In case John comes, please tell him to wait. You may borrow the book, on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.
7.表时间
7.表时间: before; after; when; while; as; since; until; till; the week/year; by the time;; as soon as; the moment/minute/instant/second/time+句子; no sooner…than…; hardly/scarcely…when…; on/upon+名词/动名词; ever since（从那时以 来）; from then on; lately; recently; later; afterwards;
3.表因果
(1)引出原因
3.表因果： (1)引出原因: for; as; since; now that; because; thanks/owing/due to; because of; on account of; as a result/consequence of; in consequence of; result from（vt，由… 引起）; Eg: We should be more careful, for it is already dark. Let’s stay at home, for it’s raining hard outside.
Eg: We’ll leave the minute you are ready. I had hardly come home when it began to rain. = Hardly had I come home when it began to rain.
8．表示特定的顺序关系
8．表示特定的顺序关系：to begin with; initially ; first of all; firstly; first; secondly; second; then; next; finally; in the end; eventually; last but not least； at last; Eg: And above all, remember to send us your new address. Firstly I’ll mention the advantage, then I’ll talk about the disadvantages.
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换一种方式表达
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换一种方式表达：in other words; that is to say; to put it another way. Eg: Let’s go back to the original plan, that is to say, you go ahead by plane and we’ll follow by car with the equipment. Your performance in the exam didn’t reach the required standard— in other words, you failed.