成人高等教育学士学位英语考试复习要点一、考试题型：词汇与语法、完形填空、阅读、翻译、写作二、语法结构表（Grammar Category）1、名词的复数形式和所有格（1）名词的复数形式名词的规则复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加－s或－es；名词的不规则复数形式不是以词尾加－s或－es构成，其构成方法需要记忆：e.g. foot－feet man－men tooth－teeth woman－women（2）名词的所有格名词的属格表示所属关系，它有两种不同的形式：一是由名词末尾加’s构成（有-s或-es的复数名词末尾只加’）；二是由介词of加名词构成。
前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。
如：e.g. Uncle Tom’s Cabin the two boys’ mother the title of the book·几个词作为一个单位时，’s应加在最后一个词的末尾e.g. the Queen of England’s throne·表示各自的所有关系时，名词末尾均需加’s，如不是这样，仅在最后一词末尾加’s，即表示他们共同的所有关系。
试比较：John and Susan’s desk（约翰和苏珊共用的书桌）John’s and Susan’s desk（约翰和苏珊各自的书桌）·’s属格后的名词如指商店、家宅等地点时，该名词也常省略：e.g. at the doctor’s（在诊所）to my uncle’s（到我叔叔家）2、人称代词/物主代词/反身代词（1）人称代词主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them（2）物主代词形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs（3）反身代词（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身，表强调或加强语气）myself, yourself, himself, herself. Itself, ourselves; yourselves, themselves, oneselfe.g. Please help yourself to some tea.I want to speak to the director himself.3、句子和句子成分Sentence是具有主语部分和谓语部分并有完整意义的可以独立的一组词。
在英语中，sentence的基本结构有下列６种：（１）主语＋谓语（SV） e.g. Day dawns.（２）主语＋联系动词＋表语（SLP） e.g. Tom’s father is a professor.（３）主语＋谓语＋宾语（SVO） e.g. Ruth understands French.（４）主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语（SVOO） e.g. He told us the whole story.（５）主语＋谓语＋主语补语（SVC） e.g. He died a poor man.（６）主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语（SVOC） e.g. He found George intelligent.根据句子的结构，句子可分为：·简单句：含一个主语（或并列主语）和谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。
e.g. She came into the classroom and sat down.·并列句：由等立连词把两个或两个以上的简单句（叫做分句）合成的句子。
e.g. I came home early, but she remained to the end of the concert.·复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句合成的句子。
e.g. He said he would come in the evening.（各类从句）根据句子的目的或用途来看，句子又可分为：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句4、动词的时态(1)一般现在时基本用法：表经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态，常和always, often, usually, sometimes, every day 等表时间的状语连用。
e.g. I go to school every day.My father gets up very early.Note: 一般现在时用于表将来的从句e.g. When I grow up I’ll be a soldier.I’ll wait till he comes.(2)一般过去时基本用法：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表过去的状语连用，如a minute ago, yesterday, last week, in 1900, during the night, in those days等。
e.g. They got married last year.It happened after three days.(3)一般将来时基本用法：表示单纯的将来事实，常用两个助动词shall, will, 常和表将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in a few days等。
e.g. He’ll come next week.They say that it will be good weather tomorrow.I’ll ask him as soon as he comes.(4)现在完成时动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果），而这种影响（或结果）却往往是说话人的兴趣所在，所以后面常常不用时间状语。
e.g. The car has arrived.I have lost my pen.Have you ever seen the sea?Notes: 比较have been和have goneI have been to the library. I have gone to the library.·表持续的动作或状态时，常和since, for引导的词语连用。
e.g. I have lived here for more than thirty years.I have been here since last October.(5)过去完成时基本用法与现在完成时相似，通俗地说，是“过去的过去”。
e.g. I had finished my homework before supper.When we got there the basketball match had already started.They had been married many years before a child was born to them.(6)将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响，常和助动词shall, will连用。
e.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.If you come at seven o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.(7)现在进行时基本用法：表现在（即说话人的说话时刻，或包括说话时刻在内的一段时间中）正在进行的动作，可与now, at present, at this moment, these days等时间状语连用，也可不用时间状语。
e.g. What are you doing now, John?The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please?George is translating a book now.Notes: 有些动词的现在进行时则表将来。
e.g. He is dying. Thefruit is ripening. I am finishing.(8)过去进行时基本用法：表过去某一时间（或某一段时间）正在进行的动作，也常和表过去的时间状语连用。
e.g. I was practicing the violin at eight o’clock yesterday evening.When I called him, he was having dinner.They were expecting you yesterday.（表示“一直在等”）(9)将来进行时基本用法：表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。
这个时态一般不表意愿，常表已安排好之事，给人一中期待之感。
它一般只表离现在较近的将来，与表将来的时间状语连用。
e.g. What will you be doing this time tomorrow？You’ll be hearing from me.（10）现在完成进行时主要用法：表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，下列动词常用于这个时态：live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，常和下列时间状语连用：all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently, 以及since, for 引导的时间状语短语连用。
e.g. What have you been doing all this time?I’ve been writing letters all this morning.He is ill. He’s been lying in the bed for three weeks.5、主语和谓语的一致（牢记邻近原则）e.g. He or I am in the wrong.He or his brothers were to blame.Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. Neither he nor they are mistaken.6、it 的用法(1)it用作引词（anticipatory）·作形式主语，真实主语可为不定式，动名词，主语从句e.g. It was his duty to attend to the matters.It’s no use saying any more about what I think.It seems that he is rich.·作形式宾语，真实宾语可谓不定式，动名词，宾语从句e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam.You must find it exciting working here.I think it best that you should stay here.(2)it用于强调结构结构：It is (was)＋被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）＋who(that)……e.g. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.It was my two sisters who knew her best.（保持时态一致）It was yesterday I first noticed it.7、倒装语序(1)完全倒装（complete inversion），即将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来e.g. With the development of typewriter came the most advanced typewriter, the multi-printer, which produces high quality printing.(主语较长而谓语较短)The hammer is missing and so are the nails.(由neither, nor, so引出的句子)From the classroom came the loud voice of the person who was making a speech.(作为地点状语的介词短语置于句首)(2)部分倒装（partial inversion），将助动词（包括情态助动词）移至主语之前e.g. Only on special occasions can you wear this black dress.（句首为only＋状语）Not a single clue could the police find.(句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语：never, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, not until, no sooner…had, not only…but also, etc.)Do what you will, you can’t change this situation.(某些让步状语从句)Had it not been for the shortage of funds, the hotel could have been built.(省略了if的非真实条件句)8、动词不定式不定式不能在句中单独用作谓语，但可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。