第8章英国的外交关系Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. When was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) founded?（北二外2008研）A. In 1955.B. In 1945.C. In 1948.D. In 1949【答案】D【解析】北大西洋公约组织（北约）成立于1949年，是美国与西欧、北美主要发达国家建立的国际军事集团。
2. All of the following play a part in formulating and carrying out the government’s foreign policy decisions except _____.A. the Prime Minister and CabinetB. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)C. the Ministry of DefenceD. the Treasury【答案】D【解析】财政部（the Treasury）决定各部门得到多少财政预算，并不直接参与政府外交政策的制定。
3. The goals of the current Commonwealth include _____.A. working towards peace through the United NationsB. promoting personal freedom and racial equality and opposition to colonial dominationC. reducing the gap between wealthy and poor segments of humanityD. all of the above【答案】D【解析】英联邦是一个松散的、政治经济磋商和合作组织，旨在促进和平和自由、反对殖民主义、消除联邦成员国的贫富差距，故A、B、C项均符合题意。
4. The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in _____.A. 1921B. 1931C. 1945D. 1950【答案】B【解析】第一次世界大战后，英国慑于日益高涨的殖民地民族解放运动，调整了同原英帝国其他成员之间的关系。
1926年，“英帝国会议”的帝国内部关系委员会提出，英国和已经由殖民地成为自治共和国的加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和南非是“自由结合的英联邦的成员”，“地位平等，在内政和外交的任何方面互不隶属，唯有依靠对英王的共同效忠精神统一在一起”。
1931年，《威斯敏斯特法案》从法律上对此予以确认，英联邦正式形成。
不列颠帝国（the British Empire）自1931年起被英联邦所取代。
5. As a result of the First World War, the _____ was established in 1920.A. League of NationsB. British CommonwealthC. British East India CompanyD. United Nations【答案】A【解析】第一次世界大战后，在《凡尔赛和约》中，成立了第一个世界性的国际组织——国际联盟（the league of nations），宗旨是减少武器数量，平息国际纠纷及维持民众的生活水平，但是国际联盟并没能阻止二战的爆发，在二战结束后被联合国取代。
6. The British Empire ended in _____A. the 1920sB. the 1930sC. the 1940sD. the 1950s【答案】C【解析】二战之后，印度于1947年宣布独立，缅甸于1948年宣布独立，纽芬兰于1949年加入加拿大自治领。
英国几乎全部的海外殖民地都自治或独立，曾经殖民地遍布全球的大英帝国彻底瓦解。
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks.1. After World War Ⅱ, the first two colonies of the old British Empire that became free were _____ and _____.（首都师范大学2008研）【答案】Jordan；India【解析】二战后，英属殖民地中约旦和印度最先获得独立。
2. The United Kingdom has been a member of _____ since 1973.【答案】European Union【解析】英国于1973年加入欧盟，欧盟总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔，是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身、在世界上具有重要影响的区域一体化组织。
如今欧盟有27个成员国。
3. In 1945, Britain became a permanent member of the _____.【答案】Security Council of the United Nations【解析】安理会由5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成。
5个常任理事国是中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国。
其中，英国于1945年成为常任理事国。
Ⅲ. Explain the item.1. The Commonwealth（北二外2010研）【答案】The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states made up mostly of former British colonies. It was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as asort of support network. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India; others are developed nations like Canada and New Zealand.Ⅳ. Answer the questions.1. Britain is said to be “an awkward partner”in the European Union by some critics. Comment and give your reasons.（北外2006研）【答案】Britain has always been regarded as an awkward partner in the EU, because it is often at odds with its partners. However, the membership in the European Union is of significance to Britain in the daily running of its affairs. After three times of application, Britain eventually joined the European Economic Community in 1973. This was an important psychological decision for the country because traditionally Britain had looked beyond its European neighborhoods, feeling that it had more in common with the US and the Commonwealth. But in reality, British economic, political and military interests were already deeply bound up with other European countries.Through its involvement in NATO, Britain was committed to European defense cooperation. Although the US was an important trade partner, so were Western European countries. T oday, Britain’s participation in the European Unio n remains controversial. Britain doesn’t have a harmonious relationship with the EU.At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the EuropeanUnion is and what it will become. On the one hand, the UK has always been very interested in supporting free trade between nations and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. On the other hand, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government. The UK likes to think of the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible. It is less certain about the possibility of the EU becoming a federal “super-state” where national governments have their powers reduced, becoming provinces subservient to a kind of European federal government.Because there are many controversies between Britain and its European partners about the future of the EU, looking from outside Britain is “an awkward partner” which seems not really committed to Europe. Britain, while often at the centre of policy controversies with its fellow EU partners, is nevertheless deeply committed to it. Even though Britain has had to accept some EU policies which they do not entirely agree with, they are team members and abide by the rules.2. Analyze and assess how the end of British imperialism influenced the making of Britain’s foreign policy.（北外2004研）【答案】One of the most important single factors that have influenced British policy-makers is its history. The contemporary foreign policy of Britain has been influenced greatly by its imperial history. Since Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to。