5.3 Sense Relation
Sense can be definded as the semantic（语义的） relations between one word and another,or between one linguistic unit and another.It is related to the intralinguistic relations（语言内部的关系）.
some comparative degrees also belong here: smaller bigger older younger longer shorter
special example"teacher"
3.Hyponymy(上下义关系)
It is a matter of class membership（隶属关系）,the upper term is called superordinate(上位词)，and the lower term is called hyponym(下位词)。
2.Antonymy（反义关系 反义关系） 反义关系
(1)Gradable antonyms（等级反义关系） （等级反义关系）
Gradable antonyms ----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …
eg:"how old are you",the word "old" is use here to cover both old and young.the sentence means the same as "what is your age?"
(2)Complementary antonymy（互补反义 （ 关系） 关系）
sometimes,hyponyms may also be missing eg:uncle (in english) rice
It is a question of two term choice:yes or no,there is no intermediate(中间) ground 。
eg:male and female alive and dead present and absent
A
B
Usually they do not have comparative or superlative degrees.(except "ture")
(3)Converse antonymy（反向反义关系） （反向反义关系）
They show the reversal（逆转） of a relationship between two entities(实体)
A
sells buys
B
(two different angles)
X
parent child
2.the standards varies with the object described
eg:A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane.
3.one member of a pair,usuall the term for the high degree,serves as the cover term
flower:
peony(牡丹) jasmine(茉莉) chrysanthemum(菊花) tulip（郁金香） violet（紫罗兰） carnation（康乃馨） co-hyponyms（共下词义）
Sometimes a superordinate（上义词） may be a superordinate to itself,this can be called auto-hyponym(自 我下位词)。（图5-3） sometimes,a superordinate may be missing eg:"color"(in english)
they are mainly adjectives.
Three characteristics: 1.they are gradable(可分等级的),they may have comparative and superlative degrees.
The denial（否认） of one is noother eg: i not" good "is not necessarily "bad".it may simply be "so-so" hot--cold(warm,cool)
Y
RELATIONAL OPPOSITES(关系对立 关系对立) 关系对立 a.reciprocal social roles(彼此相反的社会角色) b.kinship relations(亲属关系) c.temproal and spatial relations(时间和空间的关系)
gradable,complementary antonyms: one can say" a is.........without presupposing b" but converse antonyms include two sides: if there is a buyer,there must also be a seller.
Three kinds:
1.Synonymy 2.Antonymy
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a.gradable antonymy plementary antonymy c.converse antonymy
3.hyponymy
1.Synonymy（同义关系） （同义关系）
Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 1) Stylistic syonyms----synonyms differing in style, e.g. kid child start begin 2)synonyms differing in connotations(内涵) e.g. thrifty , economical ,stingy 3) Dialectal（方言的） synonyms---- synonyms used in different regional dialects e.g. autumn （In British） fall（In Amercia） flat apartment