英语中的独立主格结构独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。
With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。
一、独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home.二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。
He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语）形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.5．名词（或代词）+ 副词副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。
The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home.6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes.注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。
但with 的复合结构不受此限制。
例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语1.表示时间His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping.2.表示原因There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.3.表示条件Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.4.表示方式或伴随He sat at the table, head down.动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to be settled.The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.The man lay there, his hands trembling.四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能（一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:1. with+名词/代词+形容词He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.= He doesn’t like to sleep when the window s are open.注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing 形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.2. with+名词/代词+副词The boy was walking, with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.3. with+名词/代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.4. with+名词/代词+动词过去分词With his homework done, Peter went out to play.= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.5. with+名词/代词+现在分词The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.（二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定语)2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴随状语)3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语）4．With the signal given, the train started.= After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语）五、选择题1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directlyA. to beB. isC. wasD. being4. --- They sat still in the room, ___. --- Why did they do like that?A. drawing the curtainsB. with the curtains drawnC. with the curtains drawingD. having the curtains drawn5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.A. has risenB. having risenC. has raisedD. having raised6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.A. has been launchedB. having been launchedC. being launchedD. to be launched7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.A. comes outB. came outC. coming outD. to come out8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.A. to disappointB. to be disappointingC. disappointingD. being disappointed 9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.A. filledB. fillingC. to fillD. being filled10．John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .A. finishedB. finishingC. having finishedD. was finished11. __ , I had to ask for two days’ leave.A. Mother being illB. Mother illC. As mother was illD. A, B and C12. With so many books ???___ , I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.A. to readB. to be readC. readingD. read13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done .A. with his dropping headB. dropping his headC. raising his headD. with his head down14. Winter ___ , it is time to buy warm clothes .A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.A. close, trembleB. closed, tremblingC. closing, tremblingD. closed, trembled16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .A. leavingB. leaveC. leftD. to leave17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .A. forB. withC. ofD. from18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.A. to goB. wentC. goingD. goes19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.A. Because ofB. WithC. As forD. Besides20. Tom came home, ___ .A. a dog following himB. a dog followed himC. being followed himD. a dog was followed him独立主格结构——练习【现学现用】11. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.A. followsB. followedC. to followD. being followed2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.A. consideredB. consideringC. to considerD. being considered3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.A. to riseB. roseC. having risenD. being risen4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.A. to giveB. giveC. being givenD. given5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.A. permitsB. permittingC. to permitD. permitted6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.A. beingB. to beC. beenD. to have been7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.A. to beB. beingC. beenD. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.A. to crossB. crossedC. crossingD. to be crossing9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.A. having beenB. beenC. to beD. to being10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.A. beingB. to beC. beenD. having been【现学现用】21. A new technique _______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A)working out B) having worked outC) having been worked out D)to have been worked out2. All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off.A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered3. All flights _______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A) had been canceled B) have been canceledC) were canceled D) having been canceled4. So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent5. All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled6. All flights _____ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.A) having been canceled C) having canceled B) had been canceled D) were canceled7.The speech _______, a lively discussion started.A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _______ it closely.A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following9. _______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other thingsB) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches，chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated11. ______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.A) Since B) For C) As D) With12. ______ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest cityC) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was【现学现用】31. The meeting____ over, we all left the room.A. isB. to beC. beingD. would be2. European football is played in 80 countries, it___ the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make3. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having sufferedB. SufferingC. To sufferD. Suffered4. The fish____ bad, the children left much of it .A. tasted, untouchedB. tasting, untouchedC. tasting, untouchingD. tasted, untouching5.___ from what you say, he ought to succeed.A. JudgedB. JudgingC. When you judgedD. Because you judge6. Everything___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’taccept the offer.A.not being finishedB.not having finishedC.had not been finishedD.was not finished8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).A.hasB.hadC.to haveD.having9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouthB.with a pipe in mouthC.pipe in mouthD.pipe in his mouth10.The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up 独立主格结构巩固练习11. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.A. There wasB. There beingC. Because there beingD.There were2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A. Time permitsB. If time permittingC. Time permittingD. Time's permitting3._____, we all went home happily.A. Goodbye was saidB. Goodbye had been saidC. Goodbye saidD. When goodbye said4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.A. It being fine weatherB. It fine weatherC. It was fine weatherD. It being a fine weather5. ____, the bus started at once.A. The signal was givenB. The signal givingC. The signal givenD. When the signal given6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.A.tears' rolling downB.tears rolled downC.with tears rolled downD.tears rolling down7.____on, the leaves are turning green.A.When spring comingB.Spring comingC.Spring cameD.Spring being come8. _____, I had to buy a new one.A. My dictionary losingB. My dictionary having been lostC. My dictionary had been lostD. Because my dictionary lost9.I used to sleep with the window _____.A. openedB. openC. opening D to open10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.A. A gun on shoulderB. A gun was on his shoulderC. Gun on shoulderD. A gun being on shoulder11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.A. AsB. ForC. WithD. Through12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.A. doB. doingC. doneD. to do13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.A. tremblingB. trembledC. were tremblingD. were trembling14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.A. All things consideringB. All things consideredC. All things were consideredD. With all things were considered15. ______, we will surely succeed.A. The teacher helping usB. The teacher to help usC. The teacher will help usD. With the teacher helping独立主格结构巩固练习21.The thief stood before the policeman,____ admitting what he had done.A.with his drooping headB.drooping his headC.raising his headD.with his head down2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual.A.With so much work to doB.With so much work doingC.With so much work doneD.Without so much work to do3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ______and his eyes _____ .A.closed;openB.closed;openedC.closing;openD.closing;opening4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.A.be consideredB.consideredC.consideringD.having considering5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away.A.As there was no time leftB.There is no time leftC.There being no time leftD.There to be no time left6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk.A.As a fine dayB.It was a fine dayC.It being a fine dayD.For it was a fine day7.The old man stood there,__________ .A.with back against the wallB.with his back against the wallC.with back against wallD.his back against wall参考答案：BCDBB BDCBA DADCB CBCBA【现学现用】1【参考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA【现学现用】2答案：CDBDB AABACDC【现学现用】3 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B 6. 7.A，但是最好是not having been finished 8.D 9.C 10.C巩固练习1答案：1-5BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB巩固练习2答案: 1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB。