对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院2011-2012学年第二学期《大学英语（四）》复习大纲一、单选题1. at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.（）A. So forcefully he spokeB. So forcefully did he speakC. So forcefully was he spokenD. So forcefully has he spoken2. Alice usually her little brother when her parents areaway from home.（）A. looks onB. looks forC. looks aboutD. looks after3. his things, he hurried to the station.（）A. Having packed upB. Packed upC. Packing upD. Being packed up4. Hardly the people ran toward it.（）A. the plane had landed whenB. had the plane landed whenC. the plane had landed thanD. had the plane landed than5. It is people, not things are decisive.（）A. whatB. thoseC. thatD. who6. He was not enough to give the old woman his seat on thebus.（）A. modestB. concernedC. considerateD. moderate7. Is she said really true?（）A. whatB. thatC. whichD. it8. If you had told me in advance, I you at the airport.（）A. would meetB. would have metC. metD. had9. Betty moved out from the dormitory the noise.（）A. because ofB. in spite ofC. becauseD. despite10. If a piece of iron to a high temperature, it begins to melt.（）A. is being heatingB. will be heatedC. is heatedD. heats11. Seldom him in the past five years.（）A. I have seenB. have I seenC. I sawD. did I see12. You have to pay a sales on everything you buy in NewYork city.（）A. chargeB. taxC. cashD. fee13. I wonder what at this time tomorrow morning.（）A. he has doneB. will have doneC. will have been doingD. he will be doing14. She has that she is unable to get a job.（）A. such small educationB. so little educationC. a such little educationD. a so small education15. At first I thought the math problem would be rather difficult, but itto be fairly easy.（）A. turned onB. turned offC. turned outD. turned down16. It is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and thereforeyou must visit him as soon as . （）A. he cameB. he will comeC. he shall comeD. he comes17. We should not risk that building in its present condition.（）A. to enterB. enteringC. to have enteredD. having entered18. difficulties we may come across, we’ll help one another toovercome them. （）A. WhereverB. WhateverC. HoweverD. Whenever19. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you youneed.（）A. all the informationB. all informationC. all of the informationD. all of the informations20. John’s score on the test is the highest in his class;he very hard..（）A. should studyB. should haveC. must have studiedD. must have to study21. He had a guilty when he looked at everyone in the room.（）A. mannerB. wayC. methodD. form22. When she heard the bad news, she completely.（）A. broke intoB. broke inC. broke outD. broke down23. One of the girl students when the teacher came in.（）A. has sungB. have sungC. were singingD. was singing24. Dictionaries out of the reading room.（）A. can’t takeB. mustn’t be takenC. shan’t be takenD. needn’t be taken25. Professor Black had us compositions every Friday.（）A. to writeB. writtenC. writeD. writing26. The school bus was by a thick fog.（）A. held upB. broken offC. kept upD. put off27. I’m feeling sick. I so much chocolate.（）A. oughtn’t have eatenB. couldn’t have eatenC. needn’t have eatenD. shouldn’t have eaten28. Suddenly, in front of me, I saw a man .（）A. lying on the snowB. lying in the snowC. laying on the snowD. laying in the snow29. Take your umbrella it should rain.（）A. in caseB. fearingC. in thatD. even if30. We should great importance to education.（）A. payB. giveC. attachD. attend31. My brother had a cold last week, so I. （）A. hadB. didC. amD. have32. It was already late when we discovered that we had got on thewrong bus .（）A. by mistakeB. by the mistakeC. with mistakeD. with the mistake33. When the first prize, he beamed with delight.（）A. presentingB. presentedC. presented toD. presented with34. More and more advertisers use television medium to _____ their products.（）A. publishB. adviseC. advertiseD. announce35. anyone come, ask them to wait for a minute. （）A. WouldB. MightC. ShouldD. Had36. I remember for the job, but I have forgotten the exact amount. （）A. to be paidB. payingC. to payD. being paid37. This international company _____ five departments and threebranches abroad.（）A. composes ofB. makes up ofC. is consisted ofD. consists of38. Our classroom is in the school building.（）A. bigger than any other oneB. bigger than any oneC. the biggest of all the othersD. the biggest of any one39. In a second-hand bookshop, Billy came across a book which he thought was certainlya edition. （）A. rareB. scarceC. seldomD. hardly40. You will see the product wherever you go.（）A. advertiseB. advertisedC. to be advertisedD. advertising41. insurance （）A. 保险B. 保护C. 担保42. grant （）A. 同意B. 奖励C. 欣赏43. abandon （）A. 允诺B. 遵守C. 放弃44. deem （）A. 认为B. 似乎C. 想念45. forward （）A. 装船B. 转运C. 保留46. minimize （）A. 最大化B. 中等化C. 最小化47. proportion （）A. 比例B. 合适C. 中等48. durable （）A. 耐用的B. 预期的C. 常用的49. reimburse （）A. 计算B. 报销C. 遭受50. shortage （）A. 短缺B. 富足C. 溢装51. representative （）A. 代表B. 样品C. 外表52. expert （）A. 出口B. 进口C. 专家53. commission （）A. 委员会B. 任务C. 原则54. expand （）A. 缩小B. 扩展C. 调整55. exceed （）A. 落后B. 超越C. 加强56. surplus （）A. 过剩B. 不足C. 持平57. currency （）A. 时尚B. 货币C. 现在58. bargain （）A. 廉价品B. 次品C. 贵重物品59. authority （）A. 作者B. 权威C. 能力60. unified （）A. 杂乱的B. 合理的C. 统一的61. revenue （）A. 支出B. 场馆C. 收入62. deposit （）A. 存款B. 付款C. 贷款63. dignity （）A. 生气B. 尊严C. 紧张64. awkward （）A. 灵活的B. 凸凹的C. 笨拙的65. deputy （）A. 代理人B. 经理人C. 主管66. injustice （）A. 公平B. 不公正C. 邪恶67. revenge （）A. 报复B. 报恩C. 感恩68. cultivate （）A. 文化B. 种植C. 挖掘69. campaign （）A. 露营B. 策略C. 活动70. statistics （）A. 宣言B. 策划C. 统计71. The film appears to be quite complicated but it’s____a lovestory．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. dependable72. He joined the_____services and was posted to China．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. diplomatic73. To be in a strange city without money and friends is anextremely____situation．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. dependable74. Jane smiled at Mike,____her affection for him with her eyes．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. communicating75. If you ____ your credit card, phone this number immediately．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. lose76. All my efforts to persuade them were beginning to have an____．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. effect77. Customers are advised to make seat ____ well in advance．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. reservation78. He thought of himself as a responsible and ____ person．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. dependable79. Our ____plan was to go camping, but it was pouring with rain．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. dependable80. It has been nearly 2000 years since Buddhism was____ to China．（）A. originalB. distressingC. introducedD. basicallyE. dependable二、阅读81. One study shows that Americans prefer to answer with a brief 'Yes ' , ' No ' , ' Sure ' , orthe very popular ' Yeah ' rather than with a longer reply.But brief replies do not mean Americans are impolite or unfriendly to some extent.Very often, Americans are in a hurry and may greet you with a single word ' Hi ' , indeed;this is a greeting you will hear again and again during your stay in the United States. It is used by everyone, regardless of rank and occupation.However, those who are accustomed to longer greetings may require a little more time before they feel comfortable with American simple talk. Americans sometimes use plain talk when they are uncomfortable. If people praise them or thank them in an especially polite way, they may become uncomfortable and not know what to say in reply. They don't want to be impolite or rude, you can be sure that they liked what was said about them.Except for certain holidays, such as Christmas, Americans don't usually give gifts.Thus, you will find Americans embarrassed as they accept gifts, especially if they have nothing to give in return. They are generally a warm but informal people.1. The fact that Americans like shorter answers tells us__________.（）A. they reply very quickly in a hurryB. they choose words too carefullyC. they like replying brieflyD. they want to be as polite as they can2. Those who like using beautiful or formal words __________. （）A. need more time to get used to American simple greetingB. need no time to get familiar with American greetingC. do not very much like American way of greetingD. think Americans are not polite whatever3. Which of the following is NOT true? （）A. Americans often answer with the words like “ sure ” ,“ yeah ” .B. They are not impolite with brief replies.C. Americans in high ranks must use formal words in greetingD. Americans are a warm but informal people.4. The Americans like others' praise but if in a polite way__________. （）A. they don't know what to say in replyB. they feel somewhat uneasyC. they don't want to replyD. both A and B5. The passage indicates that __________. （）A. Americans exchange gifts the first time they meet.B. Americans seldom give gifts except for some holidays.C. Americans often bring some gifts to their friends.D. Americans only want to get gifts from others.82. A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than ispossible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented;that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective( 主观的): it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painterFrancisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May, 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its abuse ( 滥用 ) of power over people.In the same way, art can reflect a culture's religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art had been almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that described people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn't read, they could still understand the Bible stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are not holy.Experiments have shown that colors, partly because of their psychological associations, also have a direct psychological effect. People exposed to bright red show an increase in breath, in heartbeat and in blood pressure; red is exciting. Similar exposure to pure blue has exactly the opposite effect; it is a calming colonr Because of its exciting meaning, red is chosen as the signal for danger, but closer analysis shows that a vivid yellow can produce a more basic state of alarm. So fire engines and ambulances in some advanced communities are now rushing around in bright yellow colors that stop the traffic dead. (And green is associated with passive defense and self-protection).1. More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general history because__________. （）A. art history shows us nothing but the political valuesB. general history only focuses on politicsC. art history gives us an insight ( 洞察力 ) into the essential qualities of a time and a placeD. general history concerns only religious beliefs, emotions and psychology2. Art is subjective in that__________. （）A. a personal and emotional view of history is presented through itB. it only reflects people's anger or sadness about social problemsC. it can easily arouse people's anger about trek governmentD. artists were or are religious, who reflect only the religious aspect of the society3. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? （）A. In history books political views of people are entirely presented.B. Francisco Goya expressed his religious belief in his painting The Third of May, 1808.C. In the Middle East, you can hardly find animal or human figures on palaces or other buildings.D. For centuries in Europe, painters had only painted on wails of churches or other religious buildings.4. The passage mainly discusses__________. （）A. the development of art historyB. the difference between general history and art historyC. what we can learn from artD. the influence of artists on art history5. It can be concluded from the passage that__________. （）A. Islamic artists only paint images of plants, flowers or objects in their paintingsB. it is more difficult to study art history than general historyC. a history teacher must be quite objectiveD. artists painted people or stories from the Bible to hide their political beliefs83.If you have a chance to go to Finland, you will probably be surprised to find how “foolish” the Finnish people are.Take the taxi drivers for example. Taxis in Finland are mostly high-class Benz with a fare of two US dollars a kilometer. You can go anywhere in one, tell the driver to drop you at any place, say that you have some business to attend to, and then walk off without paying your fare. The driver would not show the least sign of anxiety.The dining rooms in all big hotels not only serve their guests, but also serve outside diners. Hotel guests have their meals free, so they naturally go to the free dining rooms to have their meals. The most they would do to show their good faith is to wave their registration card to the waiter. With such aloose check, you can easily use any old registration card to take a couple offriends to dine free of charge.The Finnish workers are paid by the hour. They are very much on their own as soon as they have agreed with the boss on the rate. From then on they just say how many hours they have worked and they will be paid accordingly.With so many loopholes(漏洞) in everyday life, surely Finland must be a heaven to those who love to take “petty advantages”. But the str ange thing is, all the taxi passengers would always come back to pay their fare after they have attended to their business; not a single outsider has ever been found in the free hotel dining rooms. And workers always give an honest account of the exact hours they put in. As the Finns always act on good faith in everything they do, living in such a society has turned everyone into a real “gentleman”.In a society of such high moral practice, what need is there for people to be on guard against others?1. While taking a taxi in Finland, ____ .（）A. a passenger can go anywhere without having to pay the driverB. a passenger pays two US dollars for a taxi rideC. a passenger can never be turned down by the taxi driver wherever he wantsD. a passenger needs to provide good faith demonstration before theyleave2. We know from the passage that big hotels in Finland_____ .（）A. provide meal for only those who live in the hotelsB. provide meals for any dinersC. provide free wine and charge for foodD. are mostly poorly managed3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（）A. The workers in Finland are paid by the hour.B. The bosses in Finland are too busy to check the working hours oftheirC. The workers are always honest with their working hours.D. The workers and their bosses will make an agreement in advance about therate4. The word “those” in the last paragraph probably refers to _____. （）A. people who often take taxisB. people who often have meals in big hotelsC. people who are dishonestD. people who are worthy of trust5. It can be concluded that ____ .（）A. Finnish people are not smart enough in daily lifeB. Finland has been a good place for cheatsC. the Finnish society is of very high moral levelD. all the Finns are rich84. Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentallychallenging. Criticism from coaches, parents and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动员). Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place.Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents’ and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find a flaw (缺陷) in themselves.Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of leaning the sport and other life lessons. In today’s y outh sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport.Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement sho uld beprovided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.1. An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletesis .（）A. to make sports less competitiveB. to make sports more challengingC. to reduce their mental stressD. to increase their sense of success2. According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that .（）A. it can help them learn more about societyB. it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselvesC. it enables them to find flaws in themselvesD. it can provide them with valuable experiences3. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes .（）A. without realizing criticism may destroy their self-confidenceB. in order to make them remember life’s lessonsC. believing that criticism is beneficial for their early developmentD. so as t put more pressure on them4. According to the passage parents and coachesshould .（）A. help children to win every gameB. pay more attention to letting children enjoy sportsC. enable children to understand the positive aspect of sportsD. train children to cope with stress5. The author’s purpose in writing the passage is .（）A. to persuade young children not to worry about criticismB. to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to childrenC. to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragementD. to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout85. Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love andrespect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian(百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity (身份) than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes.They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes.Some uniforms are also expansive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.1. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety andindividuality （）A. still judge a man by his clothesB. hold the uniform in such high regardC. enjoy having a professional identityD. will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform2. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform .（）A. suggests quality workB. discards his social identityC. appears to be more practicalD. looks superior to a person in civilian clothes3. The chief function of a uniform is to .（）A. to provide practical benefits to the wearerB. make the wearer catch the public eyeC. inspire the wearer’s confidence in himselfD. provide the wearer with a professional identity4. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms .（）A. are usually helpfulB. have little or no individual freedomC. tend to lose their individualityD. enjoy greater popularity5. The best title for this passage would be .（）A. Uniforms and SocietyB. The Importance of Wearing a UniformC. Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD. Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms86. Economics is concerned with many of the most basic decisions wemake as producers, consumers and members of the society. Thedecisions made by different segments (部分) of a society such as governments, corporations, and consumers are based on a given economic environment and have an impact on people’s lives. The present pandemonium (喧嚣，混乱) in the world is a result of the changing technological as well as social conditions. Thus, if you want to make any sense as to what is happening and why, you have to understand the underlying economic forces that arecausing these changes. Because of the multiplicity （多样性）of forces that affect economic decisions taken by different units of the economy, it is difficult to predict the outcome of these changes. Nevertheless, by taking courses in economics you may not be able to solve the puzzle of economics chaos（混乱，混沌）but you would at least be able to understand these forces andtheir impact on people’s lives. For example, you would gain an understanding as to why the Bank of Canada increases or decreases interest rates in response to the depreciating (贬值) or appreciating （升值） value of the dollar on theinternational market or why governments are preoccupied with deficit （赤字）reduction. As Elbert V. Bowden in Economics Through the Looking Glass puts it: It isn’t that understanding the economic forces of change will let you see with anycertainty where the world is going. It won’t. But at least it will help you to understand that you are caught up in the world of explosive change. You will be able to understand a little better what’s happening to all of us, and why, and perhaps you will gain some insight into where it all might be going.1. The decisions made by different segments of a society such as governments, corporations, and consumers are based on .（）A. your own conditions and desiresB. the political environmentC. the given economic environmentD. the social environment2. The author attributed the present pandemonium in the worldto .（）A. the ups and downs of the business cycleB. the wrong decisions made by economistsC. the changing technical conditionsD. the changing economic conditions3. Why is it difficult to predict the outcome of the changes?（）A. Because they changed too quickly.B. Because there are too many factors involved in the changes.C. Because different units of economy have various forces to effect economic decisions.D. Because the economists are not sure in what condition these changes took place.4. In the passage, why did the author cite that the Bank of Canada increases or decreases interest rates? （）A. He wants to tell us that the increase or decrease of the interest rates will affect the value of dollar on the international market.B. He wants to tell us why governments are preoccupied with deficit reduction.C. He wants to tell us why we should take economics.D. He wants to tell us how to solve the economic chaos.5. From the passage, we can infer (推断) that economics can help us .（）A. understand that you are caught up in a world of explosive changeB. understand a little better what’s happening to all of us, and how, and why, and perhaps you will gain some insight into its futuredevelopment.C. See with any certainty where the world is goingD. A and B.87. “Opinion” is a word that is use d carelessly today. It is used to refer tomatters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion.Unfortunately, most do attach great importance to it. “I have a s much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone is entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another’s opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you think of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to chal lenge his statement, but foolish. For it’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term. A newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not state their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes, they stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at through inquiry and deliberation.Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two。