初中英语语法知识汇编常用动词(词组)用法区别许多动词或动词词组的意义相同或相近,但用法却往往不同。
要弄清其意义和区别,需考虑词语自身的用法、词与词的关联和限制以及句子结构对词语使用时的限制等多方面因素进行考虑。
初中英语中常用动词(短语)的区别主要应考虑以下几个方面:1. 及物和不及物的区别2. 动作和状态的区别以及瞬间和延续的区别3. 感官动词的有意识和无意识的区别4. 过程和结果的区别5. 词与词的搭配和限制6. 句子结构对词语使用时的限制词语辨析1、see; look; watch; read几个“看”的区别:主要考虑有意识和无意识的区别以及所“看”事物的不同see:无意识感官动词(非目的性动作),及物动词(其后必须带上宾语句子意义才完整),说明“看”的能力,用于一般现在时,常同情态动词连用。
e.g We can see a map of China on the back wall of our classroom.I saw Mr. Black when I was walking on the street yesterday.look:有意识感官动词(带有目的性的动作),不及物动词(不需带宾语句子意义已完整),带宾语时,需加介词at,用于表示“看着”一个相对静止的事物。
e.g Please look at the blackboard carefully.He looked around but saw nothing.watch:有意识感官动词,及物动词,用于表示“观看”一个运动着的事物。
e.g I’m going to watch a football match tomorrow afterno on.He stayed at home and watched TV last Sunday.read:有意识感官动词,及物或不及物动词,用于表示“读”文字类的事物。
e.g Look! The students are reading English in the classroom.The teacher asked the boy to read in the classroom.2、speak; say; tell; talk几个“说”的区别:在选用几个“说”时,首先看其后是否直接带表人的词语作宾语,如是,使用tell;再看其后是否直接带语言名词作宾语,如是,用speak;然后看其是否同介词with、to、about搭配构成介词词组,如是,则用talk(注:如同介词to连用,其后带表人的词,同时带有直接引语时,有say);非上述情况,都用say。
speak:表示“说话”的能力,不及物动词,但可带语言类名词作宾语。
e.g Listen! The little baby can speak now.He is from Australia. He speaks English.say:表示组织语言“诉说”,及物动词,但不能带语言名词作宾语,带表人的词作宾语时,应先加介词to(此时常带有直接引语)。
e.g A two-year-old baby can speak, but can’t say.What would you say at the meeting?He said to me, “You have to hand in your exercise book before lunch.”tell:表示“讲述;告诉”,及物动词,要求带双宾语(表人宾语+ 表物宾语)或复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补),通常都带有表人的词语(注:同joke、story、lie连用时,可不带表人的词语;另注意短语tell (s.b) something about s.th)。
e.g The teacher told the students not to swim in the river.Hi, Jim! I’ll tell you the news in a second.John is very funny. He likes to tell jokes.talk:表示“谈话、交谈”,不及物动词,需同介词with、to、about连用,才能带宾语。
e.g Mike, could I talk with you about your study?They are talking about the new movie.3、hear; listen; sound几个“听”的区别:主要考虑有意识和无意识的区别以及是否用作联系动词。
hear:无意识感官动词,及物动词e.g I heard someone crying for help just now.listen:有意识感官动词,不及物动词,带宾语时,需加介词to。
e.g The teacher is talking while the students were listening.He listened carefully but heard nothing.I like to listen to soft music.sound:联系动词,其后必须带上形容词作表语(可同介词like一起构成短语,其后带名词)。
e.g The music sounds really beautiful.This piece of music sounds like the singing of the birds.4、look for; find; find out; look up几个“寻找”的区别:主要考虑过程和结果的区别以及“寻找”不同事物的区别look for:“寻找”某一实体,强调寻找的过程,延续性动词(可用于进行时态,可带延续时间)。
e.g I’m looking for my pen. Could you see it?He looked for his lost book everywhere for about an hour.find:“寻找”某一实体,强调寻找的结果,瞬间动词(不可用于进行时态,不可带延续时间)。
e.g Finally he found his wallet in his car.Have you found your lost watch?find out:“寻找”非实体事物,强调通过观察、探索而发现事实的真相以及调查后找出原因或发现秘密、错误等,其后通常带宾语从句,可分性短语动词(名词作宾语时,可放其后,也可放其中;代词作宾语时,只能放短语之中),瞬间动词。
e.g I want to find out what has happened to John.“When is the train leaving?” “I’ll go and find it out.”look up:说明通过资料“查询”,可分性短语,延续性动词。
e.g:If you don’t know the words, you can look them up in a diction ary.5、borrow; lend; keep几个“借”的区别:主要考虑“借入”与“借出”的关系、瞬间与延续的关系以及同介词的搭配和使用于不同的句式。
borrow:意为“借入”(从别处将物体借到主语处),瞬间动词,不用于双宾语结构,常同介词from连用(borrow s.th from s.b/s.p)。
e.g He borrowed some books from the library yesterday.I think you could borrow some money from your brother.lend:意为“借出”(主语将物体借给别人),瞬间动词,用于双宾语结构,间接宾语和直接宾语位置交换时,介词用to.e.g Could you lend me your bike?Could you lend your bike to me?You mustn’t lend the library books to others.keep:意为“保留;保存”,borrow的延续性形式,使用时,句中应有延续时间。
e.g You can keep this book for a week.You have keep the book for two weeks. You should return it to the library.6、arrive; get; reach; land几个“到达”的区别:主要考虑其共同点和不同点arrive:不及物动词,可单独使用(不带表地点的词),可直接带here、there、home(不用介词),带表地点的名词时,应加上介词at或in。
e.g The train will arrive at 12:00.Mr. Smith arrived in Beijing last night.In the end the soldiers arrived at a small mountain village.get:不及物动词,不能单独使用(其后必须带表地点的词语),可直接带here、there、home (不用介词),带表地点的名词时,应加上介词to。
e.g What time do you usually get home in the afternoon?I’ll cal l you as soon as I get to Beijing.reach:及物动词,不能单独使用(其后必须带表地点的词语),可直接带here、there、home (不用介词),直接带表地点的名词作宾语,不用介词。
e.g Ask Jim to my office as soon as he reaches here.Finally the soldiers reached a small mountain village.land:只用于飞行物或船只“着陆;靠岸”。
e.g What were you doing when the UFO landed?7、take; bring; get; carry“带来”与“带走”的区别:主要考虑动作同参照地点(说话处)的关系take:“带走”---- 表示将物体从说话处带到另一处;常同介词to连用;不能用于双宾语句式;可同with连用表示“随身携带”。
e.g Please take some apples to your brother.It’s raining outside. You should take a ra incoat with you.bring:“带来”--- 表示将物体从另一处带到说话处(句中常含有表示说话处的词语:here、me、us等);常同介词to连用;可用于双宾语句式;不能同with连用表示“随身携带”。