新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction
1.1 What is linguistics?
Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Characteristics:
①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well;
③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound;
Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
④Displacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;
⑤cultural transmission
While human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of
value,etc.I will never come to this coffee shop again.
③social function
Serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. How can I help you, Sir?
Others:
Russian-born structural linguist Roman Jakobson：six elemens (function)of a speech:
Addresser-emotive (动机) addressee-conative(意动)
context-referential message-poetic contact-phatic communion
code-metalinguistic
social
are
Two major media of communication:speech and writing;
2.2phonetics
2.2.1 what is phonetics?
The study of phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occurs in the world’s language.
发音语言学
Three branches Auditory phonetics(听觉语言学) Acoustic phonetics(声学语言学) 2.2.2 organs of speech
2.3.5 suprasegmental features(phonemic features that occur above the level of segments)
Stress : N & v
Tone：四声
Intonation： different may convey different meaning even the sentences unchanged 3.Morphology
Grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure
Word: the smallest free form found in language
Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaning
Root stem base
Root: believe
Smoke+fog=smog
Taikong+astronaut=taikonaut
⑦compounding
Bittersweet landlady
⑧onomatopoeia
Blast rustle
5.Semantics
Some views concerning the study of meaning:
1) the naming theory,plato,words →objects Limitations: √N×ADJ ADV V
√Concrete ×abstract
2)the conceptualist view
Semantic triangle,ogden & richards
3)。