I. 一般过去时一般过去时：在过去发生的动作，现在已经结束。

基本用法：1.过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

表示过去时间的时间状语：last+时间、时间+ago、yesterday、just now、the other day、once upon a time、at that time、then2. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，可与频度副词always、usually、often等连用。

表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用动词过去式外，还可以用used to do sth、would do sth3.表示说话人始料未及的事情I didn’t know it was you.I never thought you would bring me a gift.4.宾语从句时态：主现从、主过从5.表示已去世者的情况或过去的历史。

II. 现在完成时一．基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)二．句型：否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定) No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定)三．用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）③since+时段+ago④主句（现在完成时）since+从句（一般过去时）→主完从过●⑤It is/ has been +时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.⑥It is + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（现在完成时）四． has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago. 五．现在完成时的标志1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:* 以already, just和yet为标志He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。

He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。

He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。

already 与yet的区别：句型——在句中的位置——* 以ever和never为标志This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。

He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。

* 以动作发生的次数为标志,once,twice,three times,several timesHe says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。

* 以so far = by now（到目前为止）为标+beforeHe has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。

She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。

2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。

* ①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志注意：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come，go ,leave,join ……）不能直接与for since 连用。

要改变为延续性动词buy----have、 borrow -----keep、 come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in、 go out----be out、 leave ----be awaybegin-----be on、 finish----be over、 open----be open、 close -----be closed、die----be dead③与现在有关的过去点时间recently,lately,already,yet,before,still六. 注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等;2)不能与when连用3) 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用七．总结现在完成时的时间状语1与现在有关的过去点时间recently,lately,already,yet,before,still2与现在有关的频度时间ever,never,once,twice,three times,several times, often,seldom,always,time and time again3与过去有关的现在点时间just,now,today,tonight,this week,this yearthis morning,this afternoon,this evening,this month,this May,this October,this November1若想强调动作从何时开始(ever)since2若想强调动作持续了多久for(a day,several months,many years,,how long) for( two hours, six months, quite a long time)3若想强调整体的时间all (morning,night,day,year,these years,my life)all(the while,these days,these ten days)4若想强调与过去有关到现在的一段时间up to now,up to the present,till now,until now, so far, by nowin the last few years,in the past 30 years ,these days,these weeks,these yearsIII. 过去完成时过去完成时: had done一．基本用法1. 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，使用过去完成时必须有过去的另一时间作参照，是否表达“过去的过去”经常要根据上下文来判断。

2. 表示愿望、打算类的词，如hope、expect、mean、intend、want、think等，用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图等。

I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.二．过去完成时的句型1. 主语+过去完成时+①when引导的从句（过去式）2. 主语+过去完成时+②by+过去的时间点/ by the end of + 过去的时间点3. 主语+过去完成时+③by the time 引导的从句（过去式）4. 主语+过去完成时+④before引导的从句（过去式）/before+过去的时间点5. no sooner+ 主句（过去完成时）……than+从句（一般过去时）……= hardly (scarcely)+ 主句（过去完成时）……when+从句（一般过去时）……：“一……就……”注意：no sooner/ hardly/ scarcely位于句首时，主句要倒装No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.Hardly had we gotten there when it began to rain.6.It was + 时间段 + since + 从句（过去完成时）7.It was + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（过去完成时）三．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关。

过去完成时表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

IV. 将来完成时shall/ will have done一．构成形式第一人称：will/ shall have done其他人称：will have done二．用法：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作三．将来完成时的句型主语+ 将来完成时 + before/ by/ by the end of + 将来时间主语+ 将来完成时 + before/ by the time + 从句（一般现在时）课堂练习（2011-高考北京卷）——That must have been a long trip.——Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.A.takesB. has takenC. tookD. was taking——Bob has gone to California.——Oh, can you tell me when he ?A. has leftB. leftC. is leavingD. would leaveThe fact that so many people still smoke in public places that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.A.suggestB. suggestsC. suggestedD. suggesting——What a mistake!——Yes. I his doing it another way, but without success.A.was suggestingB. will suggestC. would suggestD. had suggestedBy the end of this year, I enough money for a holiday. A.will save B. will be savingC. will have savedD. have savedIt is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this school.A.attendedB. had attendedC. am attendingD. have attended——Tommy is planning to buy a car.——I know. By next month, he enough for a used one.A.savesB. savedC. will saveD. will have savedBoth his parents look sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .Ａ. knew Ｂ. have knownＣ. must know Ｄ. will knowHe has _______ been to Shanghai, has he?Ａ. already Ｂ. never Ｃ. ever Ｄ. stillHave you met Mr. Li ______？Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment agoThe famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written—Our country ______ a lot so far .—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed; goodＣ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed; betterOn her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.A.isB. has beenC. will beD. will have been——Were you surprised by the ending of the film?——No. I (read )the book, so I already knew the story.Before I realized that what I said at the meeting did hurt him, he (drive) away without a word.Experiments of this kind in both the US and Europe well beforethe Second World War.A.have conductedB. have been conductedC. had conductedD. had been conductedI have been studying here for four years, by next summer I .A.shall graduateB. shall be graduatedC. shall be graduatingD. shall have graduatedI hope her health greatly by the time we come back next year.A.improvesB. improvedC. will be improvedD. will have improvedWe ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knewHarry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice .Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seenＣ. saw Ｄ.see—These farmers have been to the United States .—Really? When _____ there?Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they goＣ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone—______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.Ａ. Did; do; finished Ｂ. Have; done; finishedＣ. Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish—How long have you ____ here ?—About two months.Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrivedHurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begunＣ. has been on Ｄ. beganIt _____ ten years since he left the army .Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. wasMiss Green isn't in the office. she _______ to the library.Ａ. has goneＢ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has beenMy parents ______ Shandong for ten years.Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been toＣ. have gone to Ｄ. have beenThe students have cleaned the classroom, ?A. so theyB. don’t theyC. have theyD. haven’t theyhas Mr White been a member of Greener China since heto China?A. How soon, comesB. How often, gotC. How long, cameD. How far, arrivedHis uncle for more than 9 years.A. has come hereB. has started to workC. has lived thereD. has left the university——Are you going to Richard’s birthday party?——Yes. By then I my homework.A.had finishedB. will have finishedC. would have finishedD. finishedI suppose by the time I come back in ten years’ time all these old house down.A.will have been pulledB. will be pullingC. will have pulledD. will be pulledI hope that they the road by the time we come back.A.will have repairedB. would have repairedC. have repairedD. repairBy the time Jane gets home his aunt ______ for London to attend a meeting.A. will leaveB. leavesC. will have leftD. have left—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.—I know. By next month, he _______ enough for a used one.A. will have savedB. will be savingC. has savedD. SavesThe pen I I is on my desk, right under my nose.A.think; lostB. thought; had lostC. think; had lostD. thought; have lostHelen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.A.has left; comesB. left; had comeC. had left; cameD. had left; would comeThey asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I a good drink.A.had enjoyedB. was enjoyingC. enjoyedD. had been enjoying——Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?——I (hope) to, but I had an unexpected visitor.John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _____ for the wedding.A.will planB. has plannedC. would planD. had plannedI was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I ______ to half a dozen other groups.A.was givingB. am givingC. had givenD. have givenFather for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.A. has leftB. leftC. was leavingD. had leftShe ______ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.A.would changeB. has changedC. changedD. was changingHe ______ to spend the important day with us last Sunday, but he was too busy then.A.hopedB. has hopedC. had hopedD. would hopedWhen the old man ______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain.A. started; had already hiddenB. had started; had already hiddenC. had started; was hidingD. was starting; hidSales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ______ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.A. beginB. beganC. have begunD. had begun— Oh, is that you, Bob?— Err...yes. Ah, you’re Mary. Sorry I _____ you. We haven’t seen each other for ten years, have we?A. didn’t recognizeB. hadn’t recognizedC. haven’t recognizedD. don’t recognizeHe asked me _____ during the summer holidays.A.where I had beenB. where I had goneC. where had I beenD. where had I goneWhat ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?A. did, doB. has, done C did, did. D. had, doneI ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。