TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
Word-for-word translation The ST word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. 逐词翻译是按原文词 序，再现原词的最常用意 义，对有文化内涵的词语 进行直译的翻译。 Adaptation This is the freest form of translation. The ST culture is converted to the TT culture and the text rewritten. 改编是最自由的翻译 形式。源语文化被转换为 译入语文化，源语文本被 改写。
翻译过程不再被看作仅是两种语言之 间的活动，而是看作涉及“跨文化转换” 的两种文化之间的活动。
— 斯奈尔· 霍恩比
对于真正成功的翻 译而言，熟悉两种文化 甚至比掌握两种语言更 重要，因为词语只有在 其所起作用的文化背景 中才具有意义。 — 尤金· 奈达
For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures on which they function. — Eugene Nida
Hatim and Mason (1990)
译者是两个不同语言 群体的单语交际者之间的 双语中介人。
译者首先是两方的中 介人，没有他，两方的交 际会有困难。
THE TRANSLATOR AS CULTURAL MEDIATOR

The translator is a cross-cultural specialist（跨文化专家）. Mary Snell-Hornby (1992)
Lawrence Venuti (1995:47) Translation and the Formation of Cultural Identities
The translation process can no longer be envisaged as being between two languages but between two cultures involving “cross-cultural transfer”. — Snell-Hornby
Communicative translation attempts to
produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. 交际翻译力求 使译文对译入语读者所产 生的效果尽可能接近原文 对原文读者所产生的效果。
翻译理论家们开始把译者看作是不 同文化之间的中介人。与此同时，翻译 过程现在也被视为一项不仅要理解原作， 而且要了解其文化框架的活动。
— 戴维· 凯登
Cultural translation refers to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as linguistic factors. Such sensitivity might take the form either of presenting TL recipients with a transparent text which informs them about elements of the source culture, or of finding target items which may in some way be considered to be culturally „equivalent‟ to the SL items they are translating. — Koller
文化中介人是使两个有着不 同语言和文化的个人或群体之间 的交际、了解和行动得以顺利进 行的人。所以，中介人必须在一 定程度上是双文化的 order to play the role of mediator, an individual has to be flexible in switching his cultural orientation. …Hence, a cultural mediator will have developed a high degree of intercultural sensitivity. Taft (1981) 一个人，如果想发挥（文化）中介人的作用，就 必须灵活地转换自己的文化倾向。……所以，文化中 介人要培养高度的跨文化敏感性。
George Steiner (1975)

The translator is first and foremost a mediator between two parties for whom mutual communication might otherwise be problematic.
Translation must take place within a framework of culture. — Bassnett
翻译必须在文化的框架内进行。
— 巴斯奈特
Translation theorists are beginning to see the translator as a mediator between cultures. At the same time, the process of translation is now being understood as an exercise, not only in understanding text, but in understanding cultural frames. — David Katan
文化翻译是指不仅敏感地注意到语言因素 而且敏感地注意到文化因素的任何翻译。 这种 敏感性可以表现为向译入语接受者提供通俗易 懂的译文，向他们介绍原作中的文化成分，也 可表现为在译入语中找到与原作中某些成分在 一定程度上“文化对等”的词语。 — 柯乐
Cultures are not monolithic entities. There is always a tension inside a culture between different groups or individuals, who want to influence the evolution of that culture in the way they think best. Translations have been made with the intention of influencing the development of a culture. AndréLefevere
文化翻译与翻译文化


Cultural translation is a translation in which the content of the message is changed to conform to the receptor culture in some way. Nida & Taber 1969 文化翻译是对原文的信息内容加以某种改变使之符合译 入语文化的翻译。 Cultural translation refers to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as to linguistic factors. Such sensitivity might take the form either of presenting TL recipients with a transparent text which informs them about elements of the source culture, or of finding target items which may in some way be considered to be culturally “equivalent” to the ST items they are translating. Shuttleworth & Cowie 2004 文化翻译是指任何不仅对语言成分而且对文化成分进行 敏锐处理的翻译。这种敏锐处理表现为以明白易懂的译文 向译入语读者介绍源语文化，或者在译入语中找到在某种 程度上文化“对等”的成分。
Foreignization
Domestication means converting the SL culture to the TL culture and naturalizing all renditions according to the TL norm. 归化翻译把 源语文化转换为译入语 文化，并根据译入语的 规范使译文自然顺畅。
THE TRANSLATOR AS MEDIATOR

The translator is a bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different language communities.
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
Foreignizing means taking the reader over to the foreign culture, making him/her see the cultural differences and seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign. 异化翻 译把读者引入异国文化， 使其自己看到文化差异， 感受奇花异草的风味。