钢尺量距（steel tape distance surveying）； 视距测量（stadia surveying ）； 光电测距（photoelectric surveying distance） 卫星测距（Satellite ranging）； 直线定向（line orientation）；
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Endpoint rule
Compartm1entalized rule
§4-1 Steel tape distance surveying ❖ 一、The tools
❖ 2. Flower stem: Fixed line forward direction line ❖ 3. Measuring brazing: fix rule segment endpoint
❖ 二、The stadia formula when sight is tilting Horizontal distance D :
Chap.4 Distance surveying and line orientation
Highway school Chang’an university
Chap.4 Distance surveying and line orientation
❖ Distance: refers to length of the curve line between two projections of two points to the geoid along the plumb line. ❖ Main contents:
position.
❖ 二、直线定线（Fixing line）
❖ 目测定线和经纬仪定线
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§4-1 Steel tape distance surveying
❖三、 Steel tape distance surveying
❖ The basic requirements: “straight, level, accurate". ❖ 1. The distance surveying at flat ground
D L2 h2
D L Dh
h2 Dh 2L
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§4-2 Stadia surveying
❖ Stadia surveying is indirect ranging method 它利用望远镜内十字丝分划板上的视距丝及刻有厘米分
划的视距标尺(地形塔尺或普通水准尺)，根据光学原理可以 同时测定两点间的水平距离和高差. ❖ The relative error is about 1/300, below the rule surveying distance, ❖ Determine the elevation precision is below level survey, ❖ Stadia measurement is widely used for measuring the details topography Measurement.
The relative error:
K
D往 D返
D
1 ＝1
1 2
(D往
D返
)
D平
1
D平 D
M
§4-1 Steel tape distance surveying
2. The distance surveying at the tilt ground ❖ (1) flat surveying method: ❖ (2) inclined surveying method
❖ 1. Steel tape ❖ Feet long ： 20 meters, 30 meters, 50 meters； ❖ Specifications: plastic coated or not plastic coated. ❖ Scale and note: mm, cm, dm,m
刻线尺（compartmentalized rule） 端点尺（endpoint rule）
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§4-2 Stadia surveying
❖ 一、Stadia formula when sight is horizontal
n
D D f1
D n f1 p
D
f1( f2 b ) n bf1 n
f2 p
f2 p
f1
1
D f1( f2 b) n f2 p
D Kn c
n l
❖Key content:坐标方位角（ coordinates azimuth calculation ）
❖ Classification: Direct measurement method -- steel tape
distance surveying; Optical measurement method -- stadia
distance surveying； Physical measurement method -- photoelectric
surveying distance;
§4-1 Steel tape distance surveying
❖一、The tools
钢尺（Steel tape）, 标杆（benchmarking）, 测钎 （measuring brazing） and 垂球（Metal ball ball）.
§4-2 Stadia surveying
❖ 一、Stadia formula when sight is horizontal
❖ Horizontal distance formula: D Kn c 100n
❖ Height difference formula: hAB i l
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§4-2 Stadia surveying
Use the equatFra bibliotekon: D=nl+q
l - the the length of whole feet; n - the whole rule section number, q - zero rule section length.
surveying error: D = D往-D返 Distance average: D平= ½（D往-D返）