III. Definition
Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter in the following grid.
Constructivist theory: Learning is a complex cognitive process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his or her own experiences and what he /she already knows. Cognitive theory：Learning is a process in which the learner actively tries to make sense of data. The basic technique associated with a cognitive theory of language learning is the problem-solving task.
Task An activity which require learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought, and which allows teachers to control and regulate that process.
PPP model A language classroom consists of three stages: Presentation of new language item in a context---controlled practice (drilling, repetition, dialogue reading, etc)---production of the language in a meaningful way (a role-play, a drama, an interview, etc.) Syllabus A specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology. Lesson planning
Making decisions in advance about what aims to be achieved, materials to be covered, activities to be organized, and techniques, resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.
Classroom Management: The way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom. Mistake: A performance error that is either a random guess or a “slip of tongue/pen”, it
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is a failure performance to a known system. A mistake has nothing to do with the language competence.
Critical Period Hypothesis
If humans do not learn a foreign language before a certain age (perhaps around puberty), then due to changes such as maturation of the brain, it becomes impossible to learn the foreign language like a native speaker.
Receptive /passive vocabulary refers to words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing. Productive/active vocabulary refers to those that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing.
Rreading is the construction of meaning from a printed or w ritten message.’ In other words, reading comprehension Involves extracting the relevant information from the text as efficiently as possible, connecting the information from the written message with one’s own knowledge to arrive at an understanding. Reading is a silent and individual activity since the writer’s intention was for the text to be read rather than heard.
Sight vocabulary: words that one is able to immediately recognise with both sounds and meanings without special effort from the brain.
Bottom-up model
Reading comprehension is based on the understanding and mastery of all the new words, new phrases, and new structures as well as a lot of reading aloud practice.
In reading, information is transmitted along a linear process:
letters---words---phrases---clauses---sentences---paragraphs---whole discourse
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