1. 句子内部指代的翻译当代词与其所指代的对象在同一划线句中时，一般来可以将代词译为相对应的代词。
但是如果前面出现多个名词，而且从数量、性质等方面很难判断代词的指代，则最好将代词翻译成相对应的名词。
98 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析：这是一个复合句. But even more important是整个句子的状语，it was the farthest是主句，that scientists had been able to look into the past是修饰the farthest的定语从句，for引导原因状语从句（参见1995年71题），在这个状语从句中，what they were seeing是主语从句，were the patterns and structures是状语从句中的系表结构，that existed…是修饰名词patterns and structures的定语从句。
译文：但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
01 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.结构分析：这是一个复合句。
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors是主句，其中hosted by robots是过去分词短语做television chat shows 的后置定语，with pollution monitors是介词短语修饰cars；that will disable them是定语从句，修饰pollution monitors ；when they offend是时间状语从句，修饰动词disable。
译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
01 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.结构分析：这是一个复合句。
But that is only the start of man-machine integration是主句，其中有一个插入语Pearson points out。
It will be the beginning of the long process of integration 是直接引语中的主句，that引导定语从句修饰名词integration，before the end of the next century是介词短语作状语。
.译文：但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始："它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
"2. 句外指代的翻译A．对于指代具体某个或几个名词的词，一定要搞清楚他指代的内容，译文中用代词表示不清的就用名词来表达，哪怕是罗嗦一点也一定要多用名词，只有在明显清楚或者找不到合适的名词才用代词。
P8-7401 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.结构分析：这是一个复合句。
But that is only the start of man-machine integration是主句，其中有一个插入语Pearson points out。
It will be the beginning of the long process of integration 是直接引语中的主句，that引导定语从句修饰名词integration，before the end of the next century是介词短语作状语。
.译文：但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始："它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
"02 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.结构分析：这是一个复合句。
主句是由两个并列的分句构成的：They are…, and they are；in which引导定语从句，修饰practices，其中is held responsible for … and given credit for …并列做定语从句的谓语，given前面省略了助动词is。
译文：自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
B．若是代词指代的内容为前面的某个句子，需要总结，则在翻译的时候可以以模糊对模糊，根据具体情况将该代词译为“这种问法，这种说法，这个问题，这种做法…”P7-7197 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.结构分析：这是一个多重复合句。
Actually,是副词做状语，修饰整个句子，it isn't,是主句，在because引导的原因状语从句中，that引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰名词an agreed account，而the world does not have是省略了从句引导词that的定语从句，修饰something。
译文：事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
“It isn't”看来非常简单，但真正翻译起来却不那么容易，因为它有两个难点：一是代词It指代什么？二是I sn’t 后面省略了什么？如果只是译成简单的“它不是”，译者和读者恐怕都会觉得莫名其妙。
前面说过，弄清楚代词的指代内容一定要参见前文，而现在句中还有省略，那就更应该参见前文了。
前面说“动物有权利吗？问题经常这样提出，这种提问方式听上去是一种有用的、能把问题讲清楚的开场白。
” 句中的it 应该和前文中提到的it一样都表示“这种提问”，isn’t后面省略的内容也应该和前句的一样。
因此这个句子补充完整之后就成了it isn’t a useful, ground-clearing way to start.由于表语太长，重复显得罗嗦，我们这里可以抓住最关键的词，而形容词ground-clearing（把问题讲清楚的）正好是这个关键词，所以补充的简单一点就是it isn’t a ground-clearing way，译成“这种提问并没有把问题讲清楚”。
英语人名,地名,可以查找工具书,比如英汉辞典等等中级口译的人名地名的翻译相对来说是比较简单的,我们翻译人名,地名必须遵循"音译"的原则.必须注意的是:1) 用音译,慎用意译如:人名Wall, Sleep,译成:"沃尔"与"斯利普",不可译成"墙"与"睡".地名China同样不可译成"陶瓷",这也是众所周知的事了2) 人名中姓和名之间,用圆点间隔,如John Thomas Smith "约翰.托马斯.史密斯".3) 要熟记一些常用的译名比如:Franklin Roosevelt 罗斯福Winston Churchill 邱吉尔Napoleon 拿破仑Aristotle 亚里士多德Socrates 苏格拉底New York 纽约New Orleans 新奥尔良Los Angeles 洛杉矶Detroit 底特律Chicago 芝加哥平时就多看看有关资料,也不一定要全背出,只是心里要留个底儿,这样就不会闹笑话了词在不同语境的翻译技巧在我们的翻译教程之中第12页,就有关于see在不同语境情况之下的不同翻译,这说明要准确的译出文章中关键词的意思,首先要注意语境的把握和上下文的搭配关系1) company的翻译He is fond of company.他爱交朋友Two is company, but three is none.两人成伴,三人不欢Among the company was an old man.这群人中有位老人Who keeps company with the wolf , will learn to howl.跟狼在一起,就会学会狼叫("近墨者黑".)I fell into company with him .我偶然与他相识Misery loves company.同病相怜The host amused the company with singing .主人用歌唱来招待宾客He is employed in an electronic company.他在一家电器公司工作2) 红与red的译法英语中有redShe was dressed in red.她身穿红衣When he started criticizing my work , I really saw red.他竟批评起我的工作来了,我立即火冒三丈定语从句在英语中大量出现.有长有短,结构有繁有简,对先行词的限制有强有弱,有时起着补充说明的作用,或者在逻辑上表示原因,目的,条件,让步和结果等等意义.因此对定语从句的翻译显得尤其重要,以下我将介绍给大家一些定语从句翻译的技巧1) 压缩法把英语的定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分,也就是译成汉语中带"的"词组,当定语从句叫简短,则把这个带"的"汉语定语词组置于被修辞的词语之前No doubt there are questions or principles involved which can not be ignored and underestimated.无疑,这里涉及人们不能忽视或低估的原则问题Law offers us our best hope of overcoming the differences that prevail the world.法律使我们对克服世界上普遍存在的分歧有了最大的希望But Miggle's laugh , which was very infectious , broke the silence.但是,密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默The deterioration of the international situation , which I noted in the introduction to the annual report last year , has continued.我在去年的年度报告导言中提到的那种国际形势的恶化一直在继续2) 拆译法如果定语从句冗长复杂,不论是限制性的或是非限制性的,往往可以译成并列句,放在主句的前后,偶尔还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句He will show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame----for next to nothing .他可以带她到那个地方,在哪儿他们会把她打扮成一个漂亮的少女,而且花不了几个钱I told the news to Robert, who told it to his friend Larry and soon the news spread all over the campus.我把消息告诉了罗伯特,他又告诉了他的朋友莱里,消息很快在校园里传开了They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which in the past ,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们在为实现一个理想而奋斗,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,许多中国人曾为之献出自己的生命He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话,副总统向他保证,凡是能够做到的,一定尽力去办.3) 转译法英语中有些定语从句在逻辑上对主句起着状语的作用,说明原因,目的,结果,条件和让步等等关系.汉译时应从原文的字里行间审定这些逻辑关系,然后译成汉语相应的偏正复句.The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships , which require assistance of tugboats.罢工使远洋轮不能靠岸,因为靠岸需要拖船的帮助Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective government.中国派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国,以便与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定My uncle , who will be seventy tomorrow , is still a keen sportsman .尽管我大伯明天就满70岁了,但他仍然热衷于户外运动来<补充材料>So, let us , in these next five days , start a long march together , not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal , the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all may stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation ,large or small , has a right to determine its own form of government , free from outside interference or domination.因此,让我们在今后的5天里一起开始一次长征吧,不是在一起迈步,而是在不同的道路上向着同一个目标前进.这个目标就是建立一个和平和正义的世界结构,使所有的人都在一起享有同等的尊严,使每一个国家,不论大小,都有权决定自己政府的形式,而不受外来的干涉和统治.THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTSThe rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon , the wonderful monk and philosopher of Oxford , who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to assert that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us ,and he himself made many remarkable discoveries. Galileo, however , who lived more than 300 years later(1564 to 1642), was the greatest of several great men , who in Italy, France , Germany , or England , began by degrees to show how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation. Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fall more rapidly towards the earth thansmall ones , because Aristotle said so . But Galileo, going to the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones , and proved to some friends , whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to Nature, and verifying our opinions and theories by experiment , that has led to all the great discoveries of modern science.科学实验的重要性现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰.培根的时代.罗杰,培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家,他出生于1214年,死于1292年.他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人,他自己也有许多卓越的发现.然而,生活在三百多年之后的伽利略(1564-1642),却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个,这些人在意大利,法国,德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的,在伽利略之前,学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快,因为亚里士多德是这样说的.可是,伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端,让两块体积不相等的石头同时落地,从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明亚里士多德错了.正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神,导致了现代科学的伟大发现英语和汉语的大多数词类在互译时均可转换,其中常见的有以下几种1) 动词-----名词的相互转译They are waiting for a sight of the Vice President passing by.他们在等候观看副总统经过那儿We can house you if the hotels are full.如果旅馆都客满了,我们可以给你提供住处Now , nobody wants to seem to claim superiority, and an agreeable effect of this is the greater informality of relationships all round.现在没有人妄自尊大,其令人愉快的效果是,四周围关系更加随便融洽2) 形容词----副词的相互转译Nowadays, children may be happy to read novels in a clean library.现在,孩子们会十分高兴地在干净的图书馆看书On this question , people of different age groups think differently.关于这个问题,不同年龄组的人有不同的想法In the ten years since normalization , we have witnessed the rapid expansion of the relations between our two countries.自关系正常化以来的10年里,我们看到了两国关系发展迅速3) 介词---动词介词with的动词化译法She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides .她看到一条小溪,两岸长着红花绿草The dog slunk away with his tail between his legs.狗夹着尾巴偷偷地走开了Any man with eyes in his head can see that he is exactly like a pole.任何头上长眼睛的人都看得出,他完全像根竹竿<补充练习>The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city's skyline. Today the cold war is over . The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced and the free flow of goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village. But just as all nations can benefitfrom the promise of this new world , no nation is immune to its perils. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threat that respects no borders---terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction.To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert. Some argue that with the Cold War's end , the strategic importance of the US-China relationship has diminished . I believe they have it exactly backwards. As a new century begins , the importance of strengthening the ties between the United States and China will grow even greater.世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化,其变化之快几乎就像这座城市的空中轮廓.今天,冷战已经结束.全球核冲突的危险性已大大减小,商品和思想的交流正在激发地球村的概念.难事,正如世界各国会受益于这个新世界的美好前景,没有一个国家能免遭其祸害.缔造和平与繁荣,抵御不分国界的诸多威胁---恐怖主义,贩毒,疾病和环境破坏,这些与我们大家都有着利害关系.为了最有效地迎接这些挑战,中国和美国必须协力行动.有些人说,随着冷战的结束,美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了.我认为这些人刚好说反了.随着新世纪的开始,加强美国和中国的联系,其重要性将变得更大.。