高中英语:定语从句专项讲解【基础回顾】考点归纳:定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句2.关系副词引导的定语从句3.判断关系代词与关系副词4.限制性和非限制性定语从句5.介词+关系词6.as, which 非限定性定语从句7.关系代词that 的用法一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1、who, whom, that限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人who/that whom/that(可省略) whose指物which/that which/that(可省略) whose指人和物that that whose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人who whom whose/of whom指物which which whose/of which特殊情况:只能用that的情况,先行词为everything,all,little,much等不定代词时;先行词被all,every,no,any,some,little,much,one修饰时;先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时;先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时;先行词有人又有物时;当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
不能用that的情况介词前置时;非限定性定语从句中先行词本身是that多用who,不用that的情况。
先行词为anyone,one,ones时;先行词为those,he和people时;这些词代替指人,whom在定语从句中指人,"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略,who作宾语变为whom),that可以指人也可以指物, who不可指物。
在从句中所起作用如下:(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)(2)He is the man (whom/that)I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见到的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)(3)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher.刚刚和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。
(whom在从句中作宾语)注:who在定语从句中指人,作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略;做及物动词或介词的宾语,可省略。
2,which,that 用来指物(有六种情况只可用that而不用which)(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略),例如:(1)The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(which/that在从句中作主语)(2)The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。
(which/that在从句中作宾语)注:which在定语从句中指物,可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语,作宾语时可省略;that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略,指人时,相当于who或whom,指物时,相当于which,作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that前,当介词提前时,需要用which或whom来代替。
关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语。
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从句省略。
例:This is the book (which)you want.这是你要的书。
2.如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前面,但有的则放在它前面的位置。
3. 代表物时的that常被省略;c)被形容词最高级修饰时;既有人又有物时。
e)整个句中前面已有“which”,“why”时。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词,在从句中作状语。
关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which(介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/……1. “where”是关系副词,当然也不用“that”引导。
例:By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.当你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期。
I still remember the place where I met her for the first time.我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。
2.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用“there is”开头。
例:There is somebody here who wants to talk to you.这里有人要和你说话。
3、关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。
例:We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。
例:That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。
例:他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.4、关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。
例:There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
5、关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。
例:This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
三、限制性和非限制性定语从句1.限定性定语从句意义:限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。
限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
例:I met someone who said he knows you.我碰到了一个说认识你的人。
在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或on which。
例:Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时,关系代词可省略。
例:he book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting.我在读的书很有趣。
Is there anything (that) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?2.非限定性定语从句意义:非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。
在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。
例:The house,which I bought has a lovely garden.我买的房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。
1)非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
2)在非限定定语从句中,有时as也可用作关系代词,若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。
例:The boy has as much progress as we had expected.正像我们所预料的那样,这个男孩取得了大的进步。
As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history.每个人都知道,中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。