构词法II（word formation）
合成法
合成法是把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新词的构词法。
有的可以直接写在一起构成一个新单词，还有的在词与词之间用连字符“-”构成一个新单词，把这个词通常叫做复合词。
记住常见的复合词的构成方式是掌握合成法的关键，现就常见的复合词的构成方式分类举例并归纳如下：
1.名词的合成词：
(1)名词+名词：classroom（教室），airport（飞机场）eyesight（视力）
(2)形容词+名词: deadline（最后期限）, highway 高速公路
expressway（高速公路）, blackboard
(3)副词+名词: overburden(过重的负担), underclothes( 内衣)
(4)动词+名词: driveway(车道), breakwater(防浪堤), pickpocket(扒手)
(5)名词+动词: daybreak(拂晓), haircut, heartbeat, headache
(6)名词+动词的- ing 形式: sightseeing(观光), handwriting
2.形容词合成词:
(1)名词+形容词: home-sick(想家的), large-scale大规模的
(2)名词+动词-ing: peace- loving (爱好和平的), time- saving(节省时间的)
(3)名词+动词的过去分词: heartfelt(衷心的), homemad(国产的,
(4)副词+现在分词: good-looking, hardworking，outstanding,
(5)形容词/副词+过去分词: widespread(广泛传播的), newly- built 新建的）
(6)副词+形容词: all-around(全面发展的), ever-green(常青的)
(7)形容词+形容词: deaf-mute(又聋又哑的), icy-cold（冰冷的）,
(8)其它方式：face-to-face ten-year-old boy
3.动词合成词:
(1)名词+动词sleep-walk梦游Daybreak
(2)形容词+动词white-wash粉刷dumbfound(使目瞪口呆),
(3)副词+动词）overwhelm压倒；outline(画出⋯轮廓overcome克服
4.副词合成词:
(1)形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地，
(2)形容词＋副词everywhere到处somehow
(3)副词＋副词however尽管如此however
(4)介词＋名词beforehand事先
(5)介词＋副词forever永远。
5.代词合成词:
(1)代词宾格＋self herself 她自己himself,
(2)物主代词＋self myself 我自己ourselves
(3)形容词＋名词anything, nobody,
转化法
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法，是英语形成新词的重
要方法之一。
各种词类之间经常互相转化,致使一个词往往可以用作几种词类。
在英语的词类转化上,数量最多的当属动词和名词的相互转化。
此外,其它词类之间也可相互转化,有一词多义的现象。
现就常见的转化分类举例归纳如下：1、动词转化为名词
(1)意思没有变化: I think we'd better finish the talk now.
我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
(2）意思有一定变化：He is a man of strong build.
他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
(3）构成短语：Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2、名词转化为动词
(1）表示物体的：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?
(2）表示身体部位的：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。
(3）表示一类人的：She nursed her husband back to health.
她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
(4）抽象名词：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3、形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4、形容词转化为名词
(1) 表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词：
The girl in black appears very beautiful.
那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
(2）一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数
We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor，either.
我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。
截短法（缩略法）
将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1.截头：telephone→phone airplane→plane
2.去尾: mathematics→maths examination→exam kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
3.截头去尾: influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script
混合法（混成法）
英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。
这样的英语构词法就是混合法。
news broadcast → newscast新闻广播
television broadcast → telecast电视播送
smoke and fog → smog烟雾
photo and graphy → photography摄影，摄影术
helicopter airport → heliport直升飞机场
首尾字母缩略法
用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。
这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
Testing of English as a Foreign Language →TOEFL托福
Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL英语教育
Teach English as a Second Language→TESL第二语言的英语教育
Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试
语篇填空使用括号中词语的正确形式填空（以考查词语派生为主）。
The Raconteurs (虎烂乐队)make music that lives up to the band’s name. The word “raconteur” describes a person who is [1] ____________ (skill) at telling stories. The band members describe [2] ___________ (them) as a new band made up of old friends. All the band members have founded music careers by doing other projects. But they decided to come together as a band to try something [3]_______ (difference). The lead [4] _______ (sing) of the Raconteurs may sound familiar. Jack White is also a member of the band [5] ________ (call) the White Stripes（白色条纹乐队）. The Raconteurs also include the songwriter and guitarist Brendan Benson. These [6] ___________ (music) had performed together over the years. But in 2005, they decided to play together [7] __________ (official) as the Raconteurs.The Raconteurs' [8] _______ (late) album is called “Consolers of the Lonely.” The band released the album in an [9] __________(usually) way. They [10]__________ (announce)their new album only a week before it went on sale to avoid the usual publicity created by critics(评论家).。