英语国家概况名词解释——加拿大澳大利亚加拿大部分treaty of Paris in 1763---the seven years’war ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris in the treaty of Paris, new France with its 65,000settlers was ceded割让 to Britain.Constitutional act of 1791---Britain divided the old province of Quebec into two parts, lower Canada(modern Canada) and upper Canada(modern Ontario),each with its own legislature.立法机构。

Act of union in 1840---联合法案recommended that the two Canadas be united in one province.FTA and NAFTA---it stands for the Canada-united states free trade agreement signed by the two countries, which came into effect in 1989.Canadian Shield加拿大地盾---The Canadian Shield covers almost half of Canada. It is a semicircular半圆的 band of rockyhighlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of hills, lakes, and swamps.沼泽Mackenzie RiverMackenzie River is one of two principal river systems in Canada. It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. It is the second largest river system of North American.LoyalistThe first British settlers in Canada were American refugees, who refused to fight against the British Army in the American War of Independence, because they felt they were more English than American. They called themselves Loyalists. Their settlements laid the base of English-speaking Canada.Canadian PrairieCanadian Prairie is the Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. Great stretches of level and fertile grassland are found here. This region is the center of rich wheat belt. Wheat farming and cattle and sheep grazing areimportant here.British North America ActThe British North America Act is an act passed by the British parliament in 1867 to set up the Dominion of Canada, uniting Canada, New Bruck and Nova Scotia under a federal government.Meech Lake AccordIn 1987 Canada’s top politicians reached an argument, offering Quebec special status within the country and privileges to unilaterally promote its French culture and language. The agreement was called Meech Lake Accord. It failed because of the strong opposition from Canada’s English-speaking majority.the InuitThe Inuit, also called the Eskimo, is the native people of Canada who came from Asia in prehistoric times. The word Inuit means “the people ” in their own language, whereas Eskimo is an Indian word meaning “eaters of raw flesh”.吃生鱼的人Group of Severn七人画派The Group of Severn was a group of Canadian painters. Theyappeared in the early 20th century. The group was the first to express a pictorial nationalism and a Canadian Impressionism.表现了绘画的民族主义和加拿大的印象主义。

Les Jeunesses Musicals du Canada加拿大青年音乐学会JMC was founded in 1949 to spread musical culture and promote the musical development of young Canadians. Today JMC has over 100,000 members.Australia （澳大利亚）the land down under---Australia lies in the southern hemisphere. it is almost halfway around the world from England. that’s why from the European point of view Australia is down under.outback内地---in Australia is the areas that are far away from towns and cities are called the outback, especially the desert areas in central Australia.(考过一句话)muliticulturalism多元文化主义---it is a theory that it is beneficial to a society to maintain more than one culture within its structure. it also refers to the policy based on this theory.school of the air---it is an educational system in which lessons are transmitted by radio and children learn their lessons through a radio system.built environmen t营造的环境---it was built by the people,and it was changed by the people.dreaming梦幻时代---this is the mythical神话past of the Australian is also the basis of their religious beliefs and creation stories.是一个表现想象力及创造力的时期。

convict system囚犯制度---it is the system of imprisoning convicts in a penal colony,especially in a penal labour settlement.eureka stockade尤里卡围桩---a number of goldminers armed themselves behind a stockade of wooden slabs厚板and raised a new Australian flag. this event is often referred to as the eureka stockade.Australian bush灌木丛---it refers to an area of land coveredwith natural bushes and trees which has never been farmed and where there are very few people.the Anzacs---The Anzacs refers to Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. They joined British and French forces to fight the Turks at Gallipoli during WWⅡ. Although they later withdrew, the Gallipoli Campaign was seen as a noble defeat. The Anzacs Day (April 25) has remained Australia’s most important holiday.ACTU澳大利亚工会理事会---it stands for Australian council of trade unions, it is the main organizational body of the trade-union movement in Australia.White Australian Policy---The White Australian Policy refers to the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. According to the policy, only European, especially British and Irish, were allowed to migrate to Australia. When they settled in Australia, all migrants should assimilate 吸收themselves into white society.Marvelous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s,there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the city “Marvelous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling the city “Marvelous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the city.Murray---Murray is Australia’s longest river. It forms the major part of the boundary between the States of New South Wales and Victoria. It enters the sea in South Australia.Tasmania---Tasmania is the smallest of the Australian States. It is an island lying south of the southeastern corner of the Australian mainland. It is often called the holiday Isle. It’s capital is Hobart.Australian Capital Territory---Shortly after the forming of federation in 1901, the Australian Capital Territory was mapped out of the states of New South Wales to be the site. Canberra is the capital of Australia.Snowy Mountains Project---The Snowy Mountains Project, a majordevelopment project, was set up in 1949 by the Chifley government. The aim was to trap Snowy Mountains river waters, and direct the water into the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers through dam and tunnels. It would provide electricity and water for irrigation.double dissolution双重解除---A double dissolution is the dissolving of both Houses of parliament by the Governor-General at the request of Prime Minister. This occurs when a bill has been passed by the House of Representatives and rejected by the Senate and after three months have elapsed, again passed by Representatives but rejected by the Senate. Then a general election may be called to solve the deadlock.由联邦总督在总理的要求下解散议会两院the Accord---Between 1983 and 1993 there were seven agreements between the Labor government and the ACTU. They are mainly concerned with economic and social politics such as wage politics工资政策. These agreements are known as the Accord. 协调,主要涉及经济和社会政策，例如各种工资政策。