英语国家概况名词解释1、The Constitution:Britain has no written foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law,which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through commom practice in courts;and conventions.2、The house of Common: It’s the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament) make and debate policy,These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.3、The electoral campaign:Before a general election,the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning,postal deliveries of leaflets and ‘party electoral broadcasts” on the parties also try to attack and critisise the opponents’,these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.4、Class system in British society:The class system does exist in British of British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class,though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower divisions are not simply economic,they are cultural as of different classes may defferent may differ in the kind of newspaper they read,in the way they speak and in the kind of education they of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.5、Relative decline of the UK economy:The UK has experienced an economic decline since this is a relative decline rather than an absolute is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but since other countries developed more rapidly,it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the six.6、Comprehensive schools:are the most popular secondary schools in Britain schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking7、Grammar school s:it’s a type of secondary schools in schools select children at the age 11,through an examination called “the 11-plus”.Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.8、Independent schools:are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates,with some government schools are not part of national education system,but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.9、the first English settle in North America:The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of 1619,the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslavedblack two events greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.10、Puritanism:were those who followes the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were were God’s chosen people while others were damned to church nor good works could save sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with beliefs had great impact on American culture.11、George Washington:was one of the founding fathers of the American was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.12、The executive:The chief executive is the President,who is elected to a four-year president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in president can propose legislation to can veto any bill passed by veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both president can appoint federal judges as vacancies is the commander in chief of the armed president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.13、The Bill of Rights:consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.14、Industrial Revolution in America:After independence,American was principally an agricultural Industrial Revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and key development was the introduction of the factory second development was the “American system”of mass third development was the application of new technologies to industrial development was the emergence of new forms of business organization---the bank and the corporation.15、Agribusiness:Because American agricuiture is big business,people coined the term “agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US term covers the entire complex of farm-related business,from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm also includes farmer cooperatives,rural banks,shippers of farm products,commodity dealers,firms that manufacture farm equipment,food-processing industries,grocery chains and many other business.16、Higher education:In America,higher education refers to education on the college higher education includes four categories of are the university,the four-year undergraduate institution(the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community are supported by public funds and some by private universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfatory.17、NBA:stands for National Basketball in 1950,it’s the association of professional teams in the United has two divisions:the Eastern Division and the Western is very popular not only in the all over the best NBA star in NBA history is Mcchiael Jordan.18、Yellowstone Nationa Park:is the oldest and one of the largest national park in the ’s named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.19、Football hooligans:reflect the violence associated with all social classes used to join in the local football march,it was regarded as being not at all suitable forfrom abroad sometimes complained about stumbling into the midst of a rough and dangerous game when walking the streets of London,while local householders and merchants were troubled by having their windows broken by stray hard went along with playing ,violence is still associated with are supporters of rival sometimes clash before,during and after matches and occationally run riot through the town,breaking windows and beating each other up.20、Winbledon:is the name of a London Winbledon the world’s best players gather to compete on grass ’s one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the actually watching the tennis matches,other activies closely associated with the Winbledon fortnight are eating strawberries and cream,drinking champagne and hoping that it doesn’t rain.21、The three traditions of Chrismas in Britain:one is the Christmas Pantomime,a comical musical main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character,often an ugly woman called ‘the Dame,’is played by a is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the televition and third is Boxing Day,which falls on the day after ,it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or that most British people do not have servants,this custom is no longer ,a new Boxing Day custom has emerged,in the cities: open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations,food,cards and gift items at low prices.。