.有机化合物的官能团和重要的基团官能团functional group 双键double bond叁键triple bond羟基hydroxy group巯基mercapto巯基sulfhydryl / sulphydrylgroup羰基carbonyl group氨基amino group亚氨基imino group硝基nitro group亚硝基nitroso group氰基cyano group羧基carboxyl group磺基sulpho group烷基alkyl group烯基alkenyl group乙烯基vinyl group烯丙基allyl group炔基alkynyl group苯基phenyl group苄基benzyl group芳基aryl group烷氧基alkoxyl group酰基acyl group乙酰基acetyl group活性亚甲基activemethylene group2.有机化合物的类型烃hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin脂肪烃aliphatic hydrocarbon烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne共轭二烯烃conjugated diene 脂环烃alicyclichydrocarbon螺环化合物spiro compound桥环化合物bridged ringcompound芳烃aromatichydrocarbon非苯芳烃nonbenzenoidaromatic hydrocarbon稠环芳烃condensedaromatics萘naphthalene萘基naphthyl蒽anthracene蒽基anthryl菲phenanthrene菲基phenanthryl芘pyrene芘基pyrenyl卤代烃halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol醚ether环氧化合物epoxide冠醚crown ether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinic acid磺酸sulfonic acid亚砜sulfoxide砜sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半缩醛hemiacetaI半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal希夫碱shiff's base肟oxime腙hydrozone缩氨脲semicarbazon醌quinone羧酸carboxylic acid酰卤acid halide / acylhalide酸酐acid anhydride酯ester酰胺amide內酯lactone内酰胺lactam腈nitrile取代酸substituted acid羟基酸hydroxy acid醇酸alcoholic acid酚酸phenolic acid酮酸keto acid乙酰乙酸乙醋ethylacetoacetate亚硝基化合物nitrosocompound硝基化合物nitro compound亚胺imine胺amine伯胺primary amine仲胺secondary amine叔胺tertiary amine季铵盐quaternaryammonium salt季铵碱quaternaryammonium hydroxide重氮盐diazonium salt偶氮化合物azo compound胍guanidine氨基酸amino acid膦phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亚磷酸酯phosphite膦酸酯phosphonate膦酸phosphonic acid3.杂环化合物吡咯pyrrole吡咯基pyrryl吡嗪pyrazine吡嗪基pyrazinyl呋喃furan噻吩thiophene噻吩基thenyl吲哚indole卟吩porphine咪唑imidazole噻唑thiazole噻唑基thiazolyl吡唑pyrazole吡唑基pyrazolyl吡啶pyridine吡啶基pyridyl喹啉quinoline异喹啉isoquinoline吡喃鎓盐pyrylium salts黄酮flavone嘧啶pyrimidine嘌呤purine4.有机天然产物肽peptide多肽polypeptide核酸nucleic acid核苷nucleoside核苷酸nucleotide生物碱alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate 单糖monosaccharide醛糖aldose酮糖ketoseD-核糖riboseD-2-脱氧核糖deoxyribose 葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose糖脎osazone糖苷glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharide 麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose纤维二糖cellobiose环糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纤维素cellulose类脂lipid萜类化合物terpenoid甾族化合物steroid脂肪fat油oil脂肪酸fatty acid甘油三羧酸酯triglyceride磷脂phospholipid磷脂酸phosphalidic acid蜡wax5.有机化合物的结构理论价键理论valence-bond theory分子轨道理论molecularorbital theory共振论resonance theory凯库勒式Kekule formula路易斯式Lewis formula键能bond energy键角bond angle键长bond Iength成键轨道bonding orbital反键轨道antibondingorbital最高已占轨道HOMO highest occupiedmolecular orbital最低未占轨道LUMO lowestunoccupied molecular orbital诱导效应inductive effect共轭效应conjugatedeffectπ,π-共轭π,π-conjugationp,π-共轭p,π-conjugation超共轭作用hyperconjugation离域能delocalization energy共振能resonance energy给电子基团electron donatinggroup吸电子基团electronwithdrawing group芳香性aromaticity休克尔规律Huckel's rule两性离子Zwitterion6.有机化学中的同分异构异构体isomer构造constitution构型configuration构象conformation构造异构constitutionalisomerism立体异构stereoisomerism构型异构configurationalisomerism顺反异构cis-transisomerism次序规则sequenceruIe同侧Zugammen Z异侧Entgegen E顺式cis反式trans对映异构enantiomerism= 光学异构旋光异构optical isomerism旋光性optical activity旋光度optical rotation比旋光度specific rotation对称面plane of symmetry 对称中心center of symmetry 对称轴axis of symmetry手性chirality手性分子chiral molecules 对映体enantiomer非对映体diastereomer外消旋的racemic左旋体leveisomer右旋体dextroisomer内消旋体mesomer费歇尔投影式Fischerprojection相对构型relative configuration 绝对构型absoluteconfigurationR-构型R -configuration S-构型S -configuration赤式erythro苏式threo外消旋化racemization拆分resolution光学纯度optical Purity对映体过量百分数enantiomeric excess立体专一性反应stereospecific reaction立体选择性反应stereoselective reaction 不对称合成asymmetricsynthesis构象异构conformationalisomerism 构象分析conformationalanalysis锯架式perspectiveformula纽曼投影式Newmanprojection formula椅式chair form船式boat form直立键a键axial bond平伏键e键equatorial bond互变异构tautomerism酮式keto-form烯醇式enol-form差向异构化epimerization变旋现象mutamerism哈武斯式Haworth form7.有机反应的名称取代反应substitutionreaction加成反应addition reaction马尔科夫尼可夫规律Markovnikov rule共轭加成conjugateaddition消去反应eliminationreaction查依采夫规律Saytzeff rule霍夫曼规律Hofmann rule硼氢化反应hydroboration催化加氢catalytichydrogenation聚合反应polymerization单体monomer聚合物polymer硝化反应nitration卤化反应halogenation磺化反应sulfonation烷基化反应alkylation酰基化反应acylation酯化反应esterification酯交换反应transesterification脱羧反应decarboxylation氯甲基化反应chloromethylation傅-克反应Friedel-Craftsreaction格氏反应Grignard reaction格氏试剂Grignard reagent赖默-梯曼反应Reimer-Tiemann reaction卤仿反应haloformreaction水解反应hydrolysis reaction醇解反应alcoholysisreaction氨解反应ammonolysisireaction皂化saponification插烯作用vinylogy缩合condensation克莱森缩合Claisencondensation安息香缩合benzoincondensation羟醛缩合aldolcondensation列弗尔马茨基反应Reformatsky reaction 迈克尔反应Michaelreaction诺文格尔反应Knoevenagel reaction 加布里反应Gabrielreaction乙酰乙酸乙酯合成法acetoacetic estersynthesis丙二酸酯合成法malonic ester synthesis威廉逊合成法WilliamSon synthesis海森堡试验Hinsberg test重氮化反应diazotizationreaction偶联反应couplingreaction脱氨基反应deaminationreaction维悌希反应Wittig reaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction周环反应pericyclicreaction环加成反应cycloadditionreaction电环化反应electrocyclicreaction坎尼扎罗反应Cannizzaroreaction齐齐巴宾反应ChichibabinreactionD-A反应Diels-alderreaction斐林试剂Fehling reagent托伦试剂Tollens reagent沃克还原Wolff-Kishnerreduction罗森蒙德还原Rosenmundreduction克莱门森还原Clemmensonreduction考普重排Coperearrangement霍夫曼重排Hofmannrearrangement嚬哪醇重排pinacolrearrangement弗里茨重排Friesrearrangement克莱森重排Claisenrearrangement二烯体diene亲二烯体dienophile分子轨道对称守恒原理conversation of orbitalsymmetry8.有机反应机理均裂homolytic异裂heterolytic活性中间体activeintermediate碳正离子carbocation碳负离子carbanion烯醇负离子enolate anion自由基，游离基free radical卡宾，碳烯carbene氮烯nitrene速度决定步骤rate-determining step哈蒙特假定Hammondpostulate能线图energy profile过渡状态transition state邻基参与neighboringgroup participation动力学控制kinetic control热力学控制thermodynamiccontrol离去基团leaving group底物substrate亲电试剂electrofphile亲核试剂nucleophile亲电加成反应electrophilicaddition亲电取代反应electrophilicsubstitution定位规律orientation rule亲核取代反应nucleophilicsubstitutionSN2 反应机理SN2 reactionmechanismSN1 反应机理SN1 reactionmechanism瓦尔登转化Waldeninversion亲核加成反应nucleophilic addition亲核加成-消去反应nucleophilicaddition-elimination reaction消去反应机理eliminationreaction mechanismE1 反应机理E1 reactionmechanismE2 反应机理E2 reactionmechanism反式消去anti elimination重排反应机理rearrangement reactionmechanism自由基反应free radicalreaction链引发chain initiation链增长chain propagation 链终止chain termination9.有机化合物的光谱红外光谱IR Infraredspectra傅立叶变换FourierTransform指纹区finger printregion吸收频率absorptionfrequency紫外光谱UV / Ultravioletspectra电子跃迁electronictransition吸光度absorbance摩尔消光系数molarextinction coefficient发色团chromophore 助色团auxochrome核磁共振NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance1HNMR 谱1HNMRspectra13CNMR 谱13CNMRspectra屏蔽效应shielding effect化学位移chemical shift自旋偶合spin-spincoupling自旋裂分spin-spinsplitting偶合常数couplingconstant质子去偶proton spindecoupling质子偏共振去偶protonoff-resonance decoupling质谱Mass Spectra(MS)电子流轰击election impact(EI)快原子轰击fast atombombarment (FAB)分子离子峰molecular ionpeak同位素峰isotopic peak基峰base peak质荷比(m/z) mass-to-charge ratio10.分子间作用力氢键hydrogen bond色散力dispersion force诱导力induction force取向力orientation force范德华力Van Der Waalsforce偶极-偶极作用力dipole-dipoleinteraction force11.物理性质熔点melting point沸点boiling point密度density溶解度solubility偶极矩dipole momen。