oracle常用命令及格式一：关于日志管理的1.切换日志：sql> alter system switch logfile;2.切换checkpoints：sql> alter system checkpoint;3.增加日志组：sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size1m;4.增加日志成员sql> alter database add logfile membersql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;5.改变日志文件名字或路径sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/re do01.log'sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';（此处注意，那个文件路径的输入格式）6.删除日志文件组：sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;7.删除日志文件成员sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/ redo01.log';8.清除日志文件内容sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/l og2a.rdo';二、关于表空间管理的1.创建表空间sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\ oradata\file1.dbf' size100m,sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size100mminimum extent 5 50k [logging/nologging]sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_managem ent_clause]2.创建本地管理表空间（9i中无需指定，因为9i全部使用local表空间）sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradat a\user_data01.dbf'sql> size500mextent management local uniform size10m;3.创建temporary tablespacesql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\o radata\temp01.dbf'sql> size500mextent management local uniform size10m;4.改变表空间的默认存储属性sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent2m;sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial2mnex t2mmaxextents 999);5.改变表空间online和offlinesql> alter tablespace app_data offline;sql> alter tablespace app_data online;6.使表空间只读/只写sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;7.删除表空间sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents and datafi les;8.使数据文件自动扩展sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\orad ata\app_data01.dbf' size200msql> autoextend on next10mmaxsize500m;9.改变数据文件大小sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.db f' resize200m;10.移动数据文件到别的磁盘或者更改名字sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\o radata\app_data.dbf'sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';三：关于表操作1.创建表sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column dataty pe]....)sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextent s 50)sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]2.复制一个已经存在的表sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging]assubquery 3.创建一个临时表sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * fro m xay;on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows4.表的pctfree和pctused计算pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /avera ge row sizepctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)5.改变表的存储参数sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(n ext 500ksql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);6.手工为表分配一个区sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k dataf ile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');7.移动一个表sql> alter table employeemovetablespace users;8.重新分配没有使用的表的空间sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep intege r]9.清除表数据（不能恢复）sql> truncate table table_name;10.删除一个表sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];11.删除表中的列sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade co nstraints checkpoint 1000;alter table table_name drop columns continue;12.使表中某列失效sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments casc ade constraints;alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs四：关于索引的1.创建function-based索引sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quant ity-quantity_shipped);2.创建B-tree索引sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(colum n,.. asc/desc) tablespacesql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k ne xt 200k pctincrease 0sql> maxextents 50);3.索引的pctfreepctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of ro ws)*100/maximum number of rows5.创建bitmap索引sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storag e( initial 200k next 200ksql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;6.改变索引的存储参数sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);7.为索引分配区空间sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');五：约束1.定义一个约束sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/d efault;set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;2.删除约束sql> drop table table_name cascade constraintssql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cas cade constraints3.在创建表时定义约束sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primar y key deferrablesql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);primary key/unique/references table(column)/check4.enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;5.enable constraintssql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;六：LOAD数据1.插入table（emp_old）数据到empsql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;2.并行插入sql> alter session enable parallel dml;sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologgingsql> select * from emp_old;3.oracle数据导入工具sql*loadersql> sqlldr scott/tiger \sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true七：reorganizing data1.export数据$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.l og compress=n direct=y2.import数据$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y3.导出一个表空间数据sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace= sales_tstriggers=n constraints=n4.导入一个表空间数据$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles= (/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2/sles02.dbf)sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;八：managing password security and resources1.改变用户密码sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle;2.使用密码函数sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varch ar2(30),old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean3.创建一个包括密码限制的profile文件sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_ functionsql> password_grace_time 5;4.altering a profilesql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;5.删除一个profilesql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];6.创建一个包含资源限制的profile文件sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 7.查看profile的两个数据字典dba_Users,dba_profiles8.使资源限制生效sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;九：Managing users1.创建一个用户sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tables pace userssql> temporary tablespace temp quota10mon data password exp iresql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default]; 2.现在一个用户使用某个表空间sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;3.删除用户sql> drop user juncky [cascade];十：managing privileges1.查看权限的数据字典system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs2.授予系统权限sql> grant create session,create table to managers;sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any us er or role;3.dba的权限sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter d atabase backup controlfile,alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover databasealter database archivelog,restricted sessionsysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create databas e,recover database until4.回收系统权限sql> revoke create table from karen;sql> revoke create session from scott;5.授予object权限sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen w ith grant option;6.查看dba权限dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs7.revoke object privilegesql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constr aints];8.查看系统审计sys.aud$9. protecting the audit trailsql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;10.审计用户sql> audit user;11.对summit执行select语句操作进行审计sql> audit select any table by summit by access;12.对成功执行的lock语句进行审计sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever succe ssful;13.一些重要数据字典all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts, dba_obj_audit_optsdba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit _session,dba_audit_statement十一：manager role1.创建角色sql> create role sales_clerk;sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;2.修改角色属性sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;3.分配角色给用户sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;4.分配默认角色sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;sql> alter user scott default role all;sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; sql> alter user scott default role none;5.生效和失效角色sql> set role hr_clerk;sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;sql> set role all except sales_clerk;sql> set role none;6.收回用户的角色sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;sql> revoke hr_manager from public;7.删除角色sql> drop role hr_manager;8.角色相关数据字典dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role _sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles十二: BACKUP and RECOVERY1.系统重要维护数据字典v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafil e,v$sgastat2. Rman need setdbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size 3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions4.脱机冷备> shutdown immediate> cp files /backup/> startup5.restore to a different location> connect system/manager as sysdba> startup mount> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk 2/../user.dbf';> alter database open;6.recover syntax--recover a mounted database>recover database;>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';>alter database recover database;--recover an opened database>recover tablespace user_data;>recover datafile 2;>alter database recover datafile 2;7.how to apply redo log files automatically>set autorecovery on>recover automatic datafile 4;plete recovery:--method 1(mounted databae)>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf>startup mount>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;>alter database open;--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or r ollback datafile)>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablesp ace offline)>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or>recover tablespace user_data;>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or>alter tablespace user_data online;--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or r ollback datafile)>startup mount>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;>alter database open>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\or adata\user.dbf'>recover datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespa ce user_data;>alter tablespace user_data online;--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all ar chive log)>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c: \oradata\user.dbf''>recover tablespace user_data;>alter tablespace user_data online5.perform an open database backup> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;> copy files /backup/> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup; > alter system switch logfile;6.backup a control file> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp'; > alter database backup controlfile to trace;7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)> shutdown abort> cp files> startup8.recovery of file in backup mode>alter database datafile 2 end backup;9.clearing redo log file>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecovera ble datafile;10.redo log recovery>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;>alter database drop logfile group 1;>alter database open;or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';。