第一章植物的水分生理一、英译中(Translate)1.water metabolism ( ) 26.bleeding ( )2.colloidal system ( ) 27.guttation ( )3.bound energy ( ) 28.transpirational pull ( )4.free energy ( ) 29.transpiration ( )5.chemical potential ( ) 30.lenticular transpiration ( )6.water potential ( ) 31.cuticular transpiration ( )7.semipermeable membrane ( ) 32.stomatal transpiration ( )8. osmosis ( ) 33.stomatal movement ( )9. plasmolysis ( ) 34.starch-sugar conversion theory ( )10. deplasmolysis ( ) 35.inorganic ion uptake theory ( )11. osmotic potential ( ) 36.malate production theory ( )12. pressure potential ( ) 37.light-activated H+-pumping ATPase ( )13. matric potential ( ) 38.stomatal frequency ( )14.solute potential ( ) 39.transpiration rate ( )15.water potential gradient ( ) 40.transpiration ratio ( )16.imbibition ( ) 41.transpiration coefficient ( )17.aquaporin ( ) 42.cohesive force ( )18.tonoplast-intrinsic protein7 ( ) 43.cohesion theory ( )19.plasma membrane-intrinsic protein ( ) 44.transpiration-cohesion-tension theory ( )20.apoplast pathway ( ) 45.critical period of water ( )21.transmembrane pathway ( ) 46.sprinkling irrigation ( )22.symplast pathway ( ) 47.drip irrigation ( )23.cellular pathway ( ) 48. diffusion ( )24.casparian strip ( ) 49. mass flow ( )25.root pressure ( ) ( )二、中译英(Translate)1.水分代谢2.胶体系统3.束缚能4.自由能5.化学能6.水势7.半透膜8.渗透作用9.质壁分离10.质壁分离复原11.渗透势12.压力势13.衬质势14.溶质势15.水势梯度16.吸涨作用17.水孔蛋白18.液泡膜内在蛋白19.质膜内在蛋白20.质外体途径21.跨膜途径22.共质体途径23.细胞途径24.凯氏带25.根压26.伤流27.吐水28.蒸腾拉力29.蒸腾作用30.皮孔蒸腾31.角质蒸腾32.气孔蒸腾33.气孔运动34.淀粉-糖转化学说35.无机离子吸收学说36.苹果酸生成学说37.光活化H+泵ATP酶38.气孔频度39.蒸腾速率40.蒸腾比率41.蒸腾系数42.内聚力43.内聚力学说44.蒸腾-内聚力-张力学说45.水分临界期46.喷灌技术47.滴灌技术48.植物的水分生理、三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1.半透膜2.衬质势3.压力势4.水势5.渗透势6.自由水7.束缚水8.质外体途径9.渗透作用10.根压11.共质体途径12.吸涨作用13.跨膜途径14.水的偏摩尔体积15.化学势16.内聚力学说17.皮孔蒸腾18.气孔蒸腾19.气孔频度20.水分代谢21.蒸腾拉力22.蒸腾作用23.蒸腾速率24.蒸腾系数25.水分临界期26. 水分子内聚力27.水孔蛋白28.吐水29.伤流30.生理干旱31.萎蔫32.质壁分离33.质壁分离复原34.喷灌技术35.滴灌技术36.Osmosis37. plasmolysis38. water potential39. pressure potential40. gravity potential41. free energy42. solute potential43. transpiration ratio四、是非题(True or False)( ) 1.当细胞内的ψw等于0时,该细胞的吸水能力很强。
( ) 2.细胞的ψg很小,但仍不可忽略。
( ) 3.将ψp=0的细胞放入等渗溶液中,细胞的体积会发生变化。
( ) 4.压力势(ψp)与膨压的概念是一样的。
( ) 5.细胞间水分的流动取决于它的ψπ差。
( ) 6.土壤中的水分在根内是不可通过质外体进入导管的。
( ) 7.蒸腾拉力引起被动吸水,这种吸水与水势梯度无关。
( ) 8.植物根内是因为存在着水势梯度才产生根压。
( ) 9.保卫细胞进行光合作用时,渗透势增高,水分进入,气孔张开。
( ) 10.气孔频度大且气孔大时,内部阻力大,蒸腾较弱;反之阻力小,蒸腾较强。
( ) 11.溶液的浓度越高,ψπ就越高,ψw也越高。
( ) 12.保卫细胞的k+含量较高时,对气孔张开有促进作用。
( ) 13.ABA诱导气孔开放,CTK诱导气孔关闭。
( ) 14.蒸腾作用快慢取决于叶内外的蒸汽压差大小,所以凡是影响叶内外蒸气压差的外界条件,都会影响蒸腾作用。
( ) 15.植物细胞壁是一个半透膜。
( ) 16.溶液中由于有溶质颗粒存在,提高了水的自由能,从而使其水势高于纯水的水势。
( ) 17.植物在白天和晚上都有蒸腾作用。
( ) 18.有叶片的植株比无叶片的植株吸水能力要弱。
( ) 19.当保卫细胞的可溶性糖、苹果酸、k+和Cl-浓度增高时,保卫细胞水势增高,水分往外排出,气孔关闭。
( ) 20.当细胞产生质壁分离时,原生质体和细胞壁之间的空隙充满着水分。
( ) 21.在正常条件下,植物地上部的水势高于地下部分的水势。
( ) 22.高浓度的CO2引起气孔张开;而低浓度的CO2则引起气孔关闭。
( ) 23.1mol/L蔗糖与1mol/L KCl溶液的水势相等。
( ) 24.水柱张力远大于水分子的内聚力,从而使水柱不断。
( ) 25.导管和管胞中水分运输的动力是蒸腾拉力和根压,其中蒸腾拉力占主要地位。
( ) 26.The casparian strip prevents diffusion of water through cell walls into the xylem.( ) 27.Water availability of a soil is correlated with the size of the soil pores.( ) 28.A stomata allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and water out of the leaf.( ) 29.Solute concentration is a major factor that affect water potential in the solution.( ) 30.Solute accumulation in the xylem cannot generate root pressure( ) 31.Here are two import types of tracheary elements in the xylem:tracheids and vessel elements.五、选择(Choose the best answer for each question)1.对于一个不具液泡的植物细胞,其水势( )A、ψw=ψp+ψπ+ψgB、ψw=ψp+ψgC、ψw=ψp+ψπ2.已形成液泡的细胞,其吸水主要靠A.渗透作用B.代谢作用C.吸胀作用3.在同温同压的条件下,溶液中水的自由能比纯水( )A、高B、低C、相等4.把一个细胞液浓度低的细胞放入比其浓度高的溶液中,其体积( )A、变大B、变小C、不变5.在正常情况下,测得洋葱鳞茎表皮细胞的ψw大约为( )A、0.9MPaB、9MPa C 、90MPa6.在植物水分运输中,占主要地位的运输动力是( )A、根压B、蒸腾拉力C、渗透作用7.水分以气态从植物体散失到外界的现象,是( )A、吐水现象B、蒸腾作用C、伤流8.影响气孔蒸腾速率的主要因素是( )A、气孔密度B、气孔周长C、叶片形状9.植物的蒸腾作用取决于( )A、叶片气孔大小B、叶内外蒸气压差大小C、叶片大小10.植物根部吸水主要发生于( )A、伸长区B、分生区C、根毛区11.下列哪个不是影响蒸腾作用的外部条件( )A、光照B、空气的相对湿度C、气孔频度12.影响蒸腾作用的最主要外界条件( )A、光照B、温度C、空气的相对湿度13.水分经胞间连丝从一个细胞进入另一个细胞的流动途径是( )A、质外体途径B、共质体途径C、跨膜途径14.等渗溶液是指( )A、压力势相等但溶质成分可不同的溶液B、溶质势相等但溶质成分可不同的溶液C、溶质势相等且溶质成分一定要相同的溶液15.蒸腾系数指( )A、一定时间内,在单位叶面积上所蒸腾的水量B、植物每消耗1kg水时所形成的干物质的克数C、植物制造1g干物质所消耗水分的千克数16.植物体内的水分向上运输,是因为( )A、大气压力B、内聚力-张力C、蒸腾拉力和根压17.水在绿色植物中是各组分中占比例最大的,对于生长旺盛的植物组织和细胞其水分含量大约占鲜重的( )A、50%~70%B、90%以上C、70%~90% 18.木质部中水分运输速度比薄壁细胞中水分运输速度( )A、快B、慢C、一样19.在下列三种情况中,哪一种情况下细胞吸水( )A、外界溶液水势为-0.6MPa,细胞水势-0.7MPaB、外界溶液水势为-0.7MPa,细胞水势-0.6MPaC、两者水势均为-0.9MPa20.植物的水分临界期是指( )A、对水分缺乏最敏感的时期B、对水需求最多的时期C、对水利用率最高的时期21.下列哪一个是目前作为灌溉的生理指标最受重视( )A、叶片的含水量B、叶片气孔开度C、叶片水势22.当细胞吸水处于饱和状态时,细胞内的ψw为( )MPaA、0B、很低C、>0 23.Stomates are usually openA.at night, when the plant requires a supply of oxygen.B.during the day, when the plant requires a supply of carbon’dioxide. C.whenever there is excess water in the soil.D.All of these are correct.24.When a cell is placed in higher water potential solution.A.water enters the cell.B.water exits the cell toward the solution.C.water enters and solute exits the cell.25.Water flows from theA.higher water potentiae to the lower water potential.B.lower water potential to the higher water potentialC.Lower ψπto the higherψπ26.Root hairs do not play a role inA. oxygen uptakeB. mineral uptakeC. water uptakeD. carbon dioxide uptake27. The Casparian strip affectsA.how water and minerals move into the wascular cylinder.B. how water but not minerals moveC. how minerals but not water movesD. neither the flow of water nor the flow of minerals into a plant.28. which force is the central causative agent of the transpiration- cohesion- tensino theory of xylem transport ?A. transpiration pullB. guttationC. root pressureD. atmospheric pressure.29. which term describes forcing water out of the plant at the edges of its leaves?A.root pressureB. guttationC. atmospheric pressureD. transpiration pull30. which force pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root?A.guttationB. root pressureC. atmospheric pressureD. transpiration pull31.which statements is not true about stomates?A. As gruard cells become turgid , the stomates open.B. there are two guard cells around each stomateC. Guard cell take up potassium ions and water enter the guard cell.D. Guard cells lack chloroplasts that other epidermal cells contain.32. The apoplast isA. the cytosolB. cytoplasmC. a system of interconnected plant cell walls through which water moves.D. the layer of cells just inside the endodermis六、填空题(Put the best word in the blanks)1.植物体内水分以和两种状态存在。