询问病史 12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical[,baiu'ɡrfik,-kl]data传记,marital婚姻status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶 health status, menorrhea[,men'ri:]月经(menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, m-] 初潮age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstrul]月经周期 pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产 ,premature[,prem'tju, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹 and children)常用的症状 symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent['pjurjulnt]脓性的, copious['kupis] green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious[ti'neis, t-] yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum 白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion[iɡ'z:n] or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea[:'θpni]端坐呼吸Paroxysmal[,prk'sizml] nocturnal[nk't:nl] dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia[frin'gldi] ; pharyngodynia[,fri'ɡdini]咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise [m'leiz]不舒服myalgia[mai'ldi] 肌痛insomnia [in'smni]失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia [dis'funi]发声困难常见的体征 physical signsclubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal[,lndi'tju:dinl]and transverse横向 curvature['k:vt]弯曲 ,loss of concave[ 'knkeiv]凹面的 nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx ['flks, 'fei-]趾骨,指骨, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis [,sai'nusis]发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin [di:,ksi'hemu,ɡlubin]去氧血红蛋白 more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral [p'rifrl]外围的,次要的 cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to CO2 retention潴留asterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r [kl'vikjul] and axillary[k'silri]腋窝lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis [kai'fusis]驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea [,tkip'ni:]呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration[,resp'rein]: sternocleidomastoid['st:nu,klaid'mstid] 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal[,int'kstl] 肋间的 spacetactile触觉的 vocal声音的 fremitus震颤触觉语颤subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance清音dullness浊音flatness实音hyperresonance过清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lower borders: scapular['skpjul]肩胛的line X left/right intercostal[,int'kstl] 肋间的 spacerange of mobility[mu'bilti]移动Auscultation[,:skl'tein]:听诊vocal resonance 语音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor['straid] 喘鸣 , crackles['krkl]发出细碎的爆裂声, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexia[k'keksi]恶病质，cachectic[k'kektik]恶病质的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia[,n'reksi]食欲减退常做的检查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图(take one’s b ody temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult['klt/ blood test潜隐血试验Blood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytology[sai'tldi]细胞学Pulse oximeter[k'simit]脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral['femrl]股骨的 artery puncture穿刺PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbia PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia[,haipk'si:mi]血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury['m:kjuri]汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular[,njuru'mskjul]神经肌肉 (sedatives['sdtiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,mais'θi:ni]肌无力), structural['strktrl]结构的(ankylosing spondylitis[,ki'luzi,spndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular[ri'tikjul]网状的, linear['lini]线状的, military nodules粟粒样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric['mfrik]空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification[u,psifi'kein]浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent['knflunt]支流的,汇合的 shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis肺不张pleural effusionmediastinal[,mi:dis'tainl]纵隔 mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai'mum]胸腺瘤, teratoma[,ter'tum]畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma[lim'fum]淋巴瘤 and aneurysm 动脉瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)['pzitrn]正电子Abdominal ultrasound['ltrsaund]超声skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative[di'rivtiv]纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry [spai'rmitri]呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumesintraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normalFEV1: forced expiratory[iks'pairtri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi'rein])bronchoprovocation/challenge test[,prv'kein] 支气管激发试验：histamine['histmmin]组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inh'lein] bronchodilatation[,dail'tein]支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sl'bju:tm(:)l]fiberoptic bronchoscopy[br'kskpi]: biopsy['bai,psi]活组织检查bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic[,trnsθ'rsik,]经胸廓的percutaneous needleaspiration[,sp'rein]吸引术percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θ'rkskup] 胸腔镜 lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心电图echocardiogram超声心动图V/Q isotope['aisutup] 同位素scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral螺旋 CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,ndi'ɡrfi]血管造影术)pulmonary angiographyDoppler['dpl] 多普勒 USS thigh[θai]大腿 and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆 (USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名 diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感[,influ'enz]pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[frin'gldi]咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous['skweims] cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌['dnu,kɑ:si'num]bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[m'tstsis]pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θrmbu'emblizm]pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:m]pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['paiu,nju:mu'θ:rks]chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['spjurtiv, -reitiv]congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,sai'ntik]cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['k:,pum'nli]pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sef'lpθi]right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idi'pθik]cryptogenic[,kriptu'denik] 隐源性的 fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus['lju:ps]狼疮 erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:ki'dusis]Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,prutii'nusis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:mu,sid'rusis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡrnju,lum'tusis] Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:sin'filik]Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:m,kuni'usis]drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis[,sp:di'lusis]曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjul]oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,kndi'daisis]osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物 drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,prfi'lktik, ,pru-]预防性, remedial[ri'mi:dil]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pektrnt]Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:ku'litik]bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,brkudai'leit]B2-agonists['ɡnist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sl'bju:tm(:)l]long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic[,msk'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的antagonists[n'tɡnist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['brumaid] 异丙托溴胺aminophylline 氨茶碱[,mi:nu'fili:n]steroids['stirid]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone[,beklu'meθsun]倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone['pred'nislun] 强的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone[,haidru'k:tizun]氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene[,lju:ku'train]白三烯 receptor antagonists: montelukast 孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamide[ni'keθmaid, -mid]尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂[,daiju'retik]albumin 白蛋白['lbjumin]antitussive agents 镇咳药[,nti'tsiv]ammonium chloride 氯化铵['munjm]铵['kl:raid]氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['knjuli:]鼻导管，Venturi[ven'tjuri]文里氏face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaiz]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask(non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation[,intju:'bein]插管，tracheostomy [,trki'stmi, ,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,trki'tmi, ,trei-]气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θ:rksen't esis]chest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:mu'nektmi]lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[lu'bektmi]叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[,θ:r'ktmi]pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum bronchiectasis:cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['vrikus]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural['pstrl] drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine [ 'sju:pain]仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的 bleb [bleb]大疱 rupture ['rpt]破裂lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [br'kskpi]支气管镜检查 ,esp. biopsytypes: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex['eipeks]尖端shift contralaterally对立的旁边CXR: translucency[trnz'lju:snsi]半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim 边缘 between lung and chest wall＞2 cm(centimeter) =＞50% lung volume loss aspiration [,sp'rein]吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rektmi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bul] 大疱stapling装订or lasering激光pleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate[,trnsju'deit]漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daiju'retik]利尿剂 can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre['li:t]) or pleura: serum['sirm]血清protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haipul,bju:m'ni:mi]低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . [,haipu'θairidizm]甲状腺功能低下Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液：capillary permeability[,p:mi'biliti] 渗透increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:u'pleizi, -i]瘤形成, surgery ortrauma.CXR: meniscus[mi'nisks]弯液面-shaped,rises towards axilla[k'sil]腋温Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduateturbid['t:bid]浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pus[ps]脓cells) or empyema[,empai'i:m]积脓症 (bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax[,hi:mu'θ:rks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis['pnkri'taitis]胰腺炎, traumawhite( chylothorax[,kailu'θ:rks]乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic[θ:'rsik,] duct胸导管, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic[,intrθ'rsik]胸廓内的 streptokinase[,streptu'kaineis]链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解 fibrinous['faibrins] 纤维蛋白的adhesions[d'hi:n]粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetr'saiklain]四环素. bleomycin[,bli:u'maisin]博莱霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的 laryngeal[,lrin'di:l] 喉的nerve palsy['p:lzi]麻痹dysphagia[dis'feidi,-di]吞咽困难pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ['stelit, -leit] 星形的ganglion['ɡɡlin]神经节 resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,stiuɑ:'θrupθi]骨关节病superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival e dema, [,kndk'taiv]结膜plethora['pleθr], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,tmp'neid]心包填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clearmucoid sputumNSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy （curative in children）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓常用的化疗药cisplatin 顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesispenicillin skin testamoxicillin 阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin 头孢菌素类cefradine 头孢拉啶cefaclor 头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefpiramide 头孢吡啶ceftazidime 头孢他定ceftizoxime 头孢唑污carbopenems 碳青霉烯类azactam 氨曲南meropenem 美罗培南imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能 tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类 inhibit cell wall assemblyvancomycin 万古霉素norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素teicoplanin 替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类： inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 罗红霉素clarithromycin 克拉霉素azithromycin 阿奇霉素erythromycin 红霉素Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxicinhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido 磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类： inhibit DNA gyrase norfloxacin 诺氟沙星ofloxacin 氧氟沙星levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin 加替沙星moxifloxacin 莫西沙星ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Tetracycline 四环素类minocycline 美满霉素Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类metronidazole 甲硝唑tinidazole 替硝唑ornidazole 奥硝唑Antitubercular agents抗结核药rifampicin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin 制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素Bfluconazole 氟康唑voriconazole 伏立康唑itraconazole 伊曲康唑Antivirus agentsribavirin 利巴韦林oseltamivir 奥司他韦acyclovir 阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定entecavir 恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen 致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin 内毒素Gram stain 革兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA： methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia 毒血症endotoxemia 内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia 脓毒血症pathogen 致病原pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量virus 病毒replication 复制viremia 病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiologicalmicrobiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection 条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内源性感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度disinfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌asepsis 无菌aseptic technique 无菌技术bacteriostasis 抑菌antisepsis 防腐disinfectant 消毒剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线isolation precaution 隔离预防artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫vaccination 疫苗接种killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗toxoid 类毒素artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫antitoxin 抗毒素gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Legionella 军团杆菌属Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Serratia 沙雷菌属Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Acinebacter 不动杆菌属Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPDOld tuberculin,OTAtypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Brucella 布氏菌属Actinomyces 放线菌属Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)Rapid plasma regain (RPR)Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARSAdenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDSHuman T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Rabies virus 风疹病毒Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母Spore 孢子Hypha 菌丝Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属Tinea 癣Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌Mucor 毛霉菌属。