一、名词
【知识精讲】
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
一、名词的数
在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点:
1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词),如:
physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States
2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。
如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人/ 物”。
如:The meeting is a success.
(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。
如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.
(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。
如:He has a good practical
knowledge of computer science.
3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:
machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence
4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:
chicken鸡肉/ chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉/ fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸/ papers试卷; water水/ waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间
5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:
glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:
people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人)
7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如:
belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops
8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如:audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public
●The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.
●My family are going with me.
9. 单复数同形的名词,如:
fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan (元), mu(亩)等
●How many deer are there in Dafeng now?
10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:
sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives
11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:
woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese,
foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,
12 .专有名词的“数”,如:
史密斯一家人the Smiths 两个玛丽two Marys
13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:
缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成
three a’s; two but’s; in one’s twenties; in the 1980’s(1980s)
●Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟
●You mightn’t as well use so many and’s in your conversation.
14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:
advice, baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.
二、名词所有格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,1. 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如:
the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。
3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加's, 如:
her brother-in-law's bike, someone else's keys a day or two's rest
4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)
5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,
如:在诊所at the doctor’s 在我姐家at my sister's
6. 双重所有格,of +名词's 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my father's ,
works of Lu Xun's
注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同
●This is a picture of my friend's. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画
●This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片
三. 名词作定语
1. 一般用单数形式,如:
a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop
2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如:
sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室a goods train 货车
talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关
3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:
a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials
4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:
two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan.一个五年计划。