2011高中英语语法归纳总结一、名词【知识精讲】一、名词的数在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点:1. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词),如:physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。
如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人/ 物”。
如:The meeting is a success.(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。
如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。
如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:chicken鸡肉/ chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉/ fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸/ papers试卷; water水/ waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人)7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如:belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如:audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public●The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.●My family are going with me.9. 单复数同形的名词,如:fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等●How many deer are there in Dafeng now?10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese,foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses,12 .专有名词的“数”,如:史密斯一家人the Smiths 两个玛丽two Marys13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加’s的方法来构成three a’s; two but’s; in one’s twenties; in the 1980’s(1980s)●Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟●You mightn’t as well use so many and’s in your conversation.14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:advice, baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.二、名词所有格英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,1. 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如:the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。
3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加's, 如:her brother-in-law's bike, someone else's keys a day or two's rest4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所at the doctor’s 在我姐家at my sister's6. 双重所有格,of +名词's 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my father's ,works of Lu Xun's注意:当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同●This is a picture of my friend's. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画●This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片三. 名词作定语1. 一般用单数形式,如:a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如:sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室a goods train 货车talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan.一个五年计划二、冠词【知识精讲】一、不定冠词(a/an)1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。
A square has four sides.2. 用于某些物质名词前。
a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。
a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚4. 用于某些固定结构中。
once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry ,all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , It’s a pity that… .5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。
He is so good a teacher that all of us like him.6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。
It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。
Take this medicine three times a day.8. 用于同源宾语中:die a … death ; dream a … dream ; fight a …fight ; sleep a … sleep; live/lead a … life;smile a …smile二、定冠词(the)1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。
如:Is this the book you are looking for?2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。