Aabandon 1.to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for ;2.to go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay;3.to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continueabdomen the end part of an insect's body, joined to the thorax(昆虫的腹部）.abundant something that is abundant exists or is available in large quantities so that there is more than enough(大量的，充足的）.access the right to enter a place, use something, see someone etc access toaccidental happening without being planned or intended acidification 酸化adhere stick to(粘附，附着）.adulthood the time when you are an adultagenda a list of problems or subjects that a government, organization etc is planning to deal withalternative an alternative idea, plan etc is different from the one you have and can be used instead(共替代的，非传统的）.a mixed blessing something that is good in some ways but bad in others(好坏参半的事）Having your parents living nearby is a mixed blessing.amphibian animals that are able to live on land and in water（两栖动物）. anew again.annual happening once a year(每年的）annually adv.anonymity when other people do not know who you are or what your name is(匿名）Every step will be taken to preserve your anonymity.antennae one of two long thin parts on an insect's head, that it uses to feel things （天线）.appetite a desire for food.at hand 1.likely to happen soonRecent economic performance suggests that a major crisis is at hand.2.close to you and available to be usedDon't worry, help is at hand !3.needing to be dealt with nowPeter turned his attention to the task at hand.authentic done or made in the traditional or original way [= genuine]: authentic French foodBbachelor a man who has never been marriedbarn a large farm building for sorting gain or keeping animals in（仓库）. beads a small piece of glass, wood(小珠子）belated happening or arriving late(来得很迟的）benign kind and gentle（仁慈的）.bewilder to confuse.bewildered totally confuseda bewildered expression on his facebind to tie or unitebreed a type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm（种，品种）.by hand 1. done or made by a person rather than a machineWe had to wash our clothes by hand.2. delivered by someone personally, rather than being sent through the post, emailed etcCcacao the seed from which chocolate and cocoa are made (可可树）calico light cotton cloth with a small printed pattern (印花布）canopy a cover made of cloth that is fixed above a bed, seat etc as a decoration or as a shelter（悬于上空的覆盖物）canvas 1[uncountable] strong cloth used to make bags, tents, shoes etc（帆布）a canvas bag2[countable] a painting done with oil paints, or the piece of cloth it is painted on（油布）The gallery has a canvas by Paul Cézanne. 'Four Women on a Bench', oil on canvas , 1991capture to catch a person and keep them as a prisoner（俘获）. carve to cut away material from wood or stone(切，雕刻）cash crop a crop grown in order to be sold rather than to be used by the people growing it (商品作物，经济作物）catch-all intended to include all possibilities(包罗万象的）a vague catch-all clause in the contract a catch-all termchoke to be unable to breathe properly because something is in your throat or there is not enough air hokechop to cut something into small pieces.chore a task that you do regularly.clamber to climb with difficulty usually using both of your hands and feets（攀爬）claw 1HBAHBB a sharp curved nail on an animal, bird, or some insects. coffin a long box in which a dead person is buried or burnt.coil a continuous series of circular rings into which something such as wire or rope has been wound or twisted.come of result fromNothing ever came of them.commiserate to express your sympathy for someone who is unhappy about something （怜悯，同情）commodity a product that is bought or sold(商品）.company when you are with other people and not aloneThe two men enjoy each other's company . Rita's husband is away for the week, so I thought I'd go over and keep her company (=be with her so that she doesn't feel lonely) .compatible able to exist or be used together without causing problems （兼容的）compound a substance containing atoms from two or more elements（复合物）.condominium one apartment in a building with several apartments, each of which is owned by the people living in it (公寓）conservation the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them being spoiled or destroyed (保护）.constant happening regularly or all the time.consult to ask for information or advice from someone because it is their job to know something.contaminate to make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it(污染）--contaminationconversion change.corridor a long narrow passage on a train or between rooms in a building, with doors leading off it（走廊）.creek a narrow piece of water where the sea flows into the land（小溪）crisis a situation in which there are a lot of problems that must be dealt with quickly so that the situation does not get worse or more dangerous (危cross a mixture of two things, breeds, or qualitiescross betweenThe tour manager's role is a cross between hostess and courier. Their dog is a cross between two well-known breeds.cub the baby of a wild animal such as a lion or a bearcultivate 1to prepare and use land for growing crops and plantsThe land was too rocky to cultivate.2formal to plant and take care of a particular cropￚsynonym growWe cultivated maize and watermelons.3to work hard to develop a particular skill, attitude, or qualityTry to cultivate a more relaxed and positive approach to life. The company has been successful in cultivating a very professional image. 4to make an effort to develop a friendly relationship with someone, especially someone who can help youProfessor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating.curator someone who is in charge of a museum or zoo（管理者）He's Curator of Prints at the Metropolitan.cuticle the area of hard skin around the base of your nails（外皮）. Dd.p.i. dot per inch(分辨率单位、扫描精度）DDT a chemical used to kill insects that harm cropsdeem to think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality [= consider].degradation the process by which something changes to a worse condition（下降，降低）.deliberate intended or planned(深思熟虑的，故意的）.deprive to prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or should have:dprive sb. of sth.detect to notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc.（查明，侦察出）.dime store a shop that sells many different kinds of cheap goods, especially for the house (廉价商店，折扣商店）disguise to change someone's appearance so that people cannot recognizedock sails into a dock so that it can unload (停靠码头）doom to make someone or something certain to fail, die, be destroyed etc.(命中注定）.doughnut a small round cake, often in the form of a ring.draperies long heavy curtains drapery[dreipəri]n. 1 布料, 纺织品2 打褶悬挂的布等dreary dull and making you feel sad or bored.dwelling a house(住所）.Eearthworm a common type of long thin brown worm that lives in soil（蚯蚓）.echoe a sound that you hear again because it was made, for example, in a large empty room or a valley（回音）enrage to make someone very angryMany readers were enraged by his article.entail to involve something as a necessary part or result（使.....成为必要）.erosion the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea(侵蚀,腐蚀）:the problem of soil erosionthe erosion of the coastlineexpance a very large area of water, sky, land etc（广阔的区域）.exploit to use something fully and effectively(开发，开采）.Ffaint difficult to see, hear, smell etc.falcon a bird that kills and eats other animals and can be trained to hunt(猎鹰）.feeler one of the two long things on an insect's head that it uses to feel or touch things（触角）.fervor very strong belief or feeling(热情，热烈）.flake to break off in small thin pieces(剥落）The paint is beginning to flake off. Use a moisturising cream to stop your skin flaking.fuel a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy（燃料，燃烧剂）.funeral a religious ceremony for burying or cremating (=burning) someone whofungicide a chemical used for destroying fungus(杀真菌剂）Ggasoline a liquid obtained from petroleum, used mainly for producing power in the engines of cars, trucks etc [= petrol British English]（汽油）.gauge an instrument for measuring the size or amount of something generate to produce or cause something(生成，产生）.get out of hand become impossible to control any longerThe previously peaceful demonstration seemed to be getting out of hand.glossary a list of special words and explanations of their meanings, often at the end of a book.（词汇表）goblet a cup made of glass or metal, with a base and a stem but no handle（高脚杯）.grab to take hold of someone or something with a sudden or violent movement [= snatch].grant (formal) to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for.grief a feeling of great sadness(悲伤）Hhand over to give someone power or responsibility over something which you used to be in charge ofhazardous dangerous, especially to people's health and safety.hectare a unit for measuring area, equal to 10,000 square metres（公顷）.hitch a small problem that makes something difficult or delays it for a short timehuff feeling angry or bad-tempered, especially because someone has offended youin a huffhundle collection of things fastened or wrapped together. Iicicle / aisikl/ [countable]a long thin pointed piece of ice hanging from a roof or other surfaceidly doing nothingillusion a false idea, belief or impression(幻觉）imposing arge, impressive, and appearing important(仪表堂堂的）an imposing building He's a tall, quietly spoken, but imposing figure.index an alphabetical list of names, subjects etc at the back of a book, with the numbers of the pages where they can be found.(索引）indigenous indigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else [= native](本地的，本土的）individual considered separately from other people or things in the same group(个人的），e.g. individual need.inherent a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it(内在的）.in situ if something remains in situ, it remains in its usual place (在原处）intensive involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time(加强的，广泛的）,e.g. intensive reading, ICU(=intensive care unit).intersect if two lines or roads intersect, they meet or go across each other （相交，交叉）in the hands of somebody/in somebody's hands being dealt with or cared for by someone The matter is in the hands of the police.inventory 1[countable] a list of all the things in a placeinventory ofWe made an inventory of everything in the apartment.2[uncountable and countable] American English all the goods in a shop ￚsynonym stockJJPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group=联合图像专家组Kkitten a young cat.Lladder a piece of equipment that is used for climbing up something(梯子）latch a small metal or plastic object used to keep a door, gate, or window closed.（门闩）lawn an area of ground in a garden or park that is covered with short grass: （草地，草坪）.leftover remaining after all the rest has been used, taken, or eaten(剩余的，未用完的）.limp the way someone walks when they are limping（跛行）log a thick piece of wood that is cut from or has fallen from a tree（原木）loom to appear as a large shape that is not clear, especially in a frightening or threatening way(赫然耸现，令人惊恐地隐现）Mmaid 1BODH a female servant, especially in a large house or hotel.maintenance (coming from the verb maintain)the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition（维护，维修，保养）.mandatory if something is mandatory, the law says it must be done(强制的，义务的）synonym compulsory, obligatorymanifest to show a feeling or attitude（清楚表示，显露）. manifold many, of many different types.mean not wanting to spend money, or not wanting to use much of something （小气的）megabyte short for MB, a unit for measuring computer information, equal to 1,024 kilobytes, and used less exactly to mean one million bytes (兆字节）merge to combine, or to join things together to form one thingmerge with（使混合，合并）The bank announced that it was to merge with another of the high street banks.The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the US.migratory Moving from one habitat to another on a seasonal basismitten a type of glove that does not have separate parts for each finger.modify to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective [= adapt](调整）.mortal not able to live for ever.mortality also mortality rate:the number of deaths during a particular period of time among a particular type or group of people(死亡率）.mumble to say something too quietly or not clearly enough, so that other people cannot understand you [= mutter].Nnestling a very young bird that cannot leave its nest because it is not yet able to fly（雏鸟）.nonetheless (formal)in spite of the fact that has just been mentioned(虽然如此）.Oominous making you feel that something bad is going to happen（恶兆的）ominously adv.on the spot a) if you do something on the spot, you do it immediately, often without thinking about it very carefully(立即）ￚsee also on-the-spot He had to make a decision on the spot.b) if you are on the spot, you are in the place where something is happening（在场）We ought to find out the views of the people on the spot.c) British English if you walk, run, or jump on the spot, you do it staying in the same place, without moving aroundAmerican Equivalent: in place If running outside doesn't appeal, try jogging on the spot indoors.orchid a plant that has flowers which are brightly coloured and unusually shaped（兰花）organic relating to farming or gardening methods of growing food without using artificial chemicals, or produced or grown by these methods（有机的）organism an animal, plant, human, or any other living thing(有机物）.originate to come from a particular place or start in a particular situation(发源，创造）.orphan a child whose parents are both dead.osprey a type of large bird that kills and eats fish（鱼鹰）.Ppane a piece of glass in a window(片）panel a thin board with a picture painted on it （板）perchance perhaps.peregrine falcon a hunting bird with a black and white spotted front (游隼）persimmon a soft orange-coloured fruit that grows in hot countries (柿子)pesticide a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops (杀虫剂）.plague a disease that causes death and spreads quickly to a large number of people.playwright a person who writes plays for the theater, television or radio. plow to dig and turn over a field or other area of land with a plough. poker a metal stick for moving the coal or wood in a fire（拔火铁棍）pomegranate a round fruit that has a lot of small juicy red seeds that you can eat and a thick reddish skin(石榴）.ponder to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened [= consider](仔细考虑，深思）.porch a cover area at the entrance to a house or church（入口处）potential likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future [= possible]（潜在的）.potentially adv.pounce to suddenly move forward and attack someone or something, after waiting to attack them（突然袭击）.predator an animal that kills and eats other animals(食肉动物）. predatory a predatory animal kills and eats other animals for food(食肉的）.predicament a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice(困境）.preface an introduction at the beginning of a book or speech.preponderance if there is a preponderance of people or things of a particular type in a group, there are more of that type than of any other(数量上的优势）There is a preponderance of female students in the music department.prevalence common at a particular time, in a particular place, or among a particular group of people(流行，盛行）.primer paint that you put on the surface of wood, metal etc before you put on the main layer of paint （底层涂料）pronounced very great or noticeable（明显的，显著的）a pronounced Polish accent This disability is more pronounced in men.pucker if part of your face puckers, or if you pucker it, it becomes tight or stretched, for example because you are going to cry or kiss someone Her mouth puckered, and she started to cry.Qquilt a decorative cover for a bed made of two layers with soft material between them.quiver to shake slightly. Rration to control the supply of something because there is not enough（限量供应）Fuel was rationed during the war.ravenous very hungry; ravenously=hungrily.recapture to make someone experience or feel something(重温，再次经历）refuge shelter or protection from someone or something（庇护所，避难所）.relentless strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping（不屈不饶的，坚持不懈的）repast a meal.replenish (formal) to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again （补充，补给）replenishment n.resolution the power of a television, camera, microscope etc to give a clear picture （分辨率、度）high/low resolution (=how clear or unclear the picture is)respectively in the same order as the things you have just mentioned（各自地）respective=各自的.restrict to limit or control the size, amount, or range of something(限制）revenue money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services(收入总额）.ribbon a long, thin of cotten, nylon, that is used for tying or decorating something(丝带）rival to be as good or important as someone or something else(与......媲美）. robin a North American bird like a European robin, but larger(知更鸟）.Ssafeguard protect(保护）.Salle de Etats Hall of the States(万国大厅）sanctuary an area for birds or animals where they are protected and cannot be hunted [= refuge]（庇护所，鸟类保护区）satin a type of cloth that is very smooth and shiny（缎子）. self-pity a feeling of pity for oneself(自怜）shaggy long and untidy.show up to arrive, especially at the place where someone is waiting for you synonym turn upSeth showed up, apologising for being late.We had 200 people show up for our seminarshuffle to walk very slowly and noisily, without lifting your feet off the ground.shutter one of a pair of wooden or metal covers on the outside of a window that can be closed to keep light out or prevent thieves from coming in（百叶窗）.simpleton (old-fashioned) someone who has a very low level of intelligence (头脑简单的人，傻子）sip to drink sth., taking a very small amount each time. slam shut with a loud noise.slap to hit someone with the flat part of your hand.snatch to take something away from someone with a quick, often violent, movement [= grab].sniff to breathe air into your nose noisily, for example when you are crying or have a cold.snuggle to settle into a warm comfortable position.(依偎，紧贴）sparkle to shine broghtly with small flashes of light.spell a piece of magic that someone does, or the special words or ceremonies used in doing it（魔力、咒语）square one's shoulders to stand straight and push your shoulders back, usually to show your determinationsqueeze to press something firmly together with your fingers or hands. stamp to put your foot down onto the ground loudly and with a lot of force. stink have a strong and very unpleasant smell （发臭）stopover a short stay somewhere between parts of a journey, especially on a long plane journey(中图停靠）.strap past tense and past participle strapped present participle strapping; [transitive][always + adverb/preposition]to fasten something or someone in place with one or more strapsstrap something on/down etcHe was only ten when he strapped on a guitar for the first time. soldiers with grenades strapped to their beltsstride walk with long steps in a particular direction.stroke to move your hand gently over somebody or something（抚摸）studious spending a lot of time studying and reading a quiet, studious young manstudiously in a way that is carefully planned and deliberate.subheading a short phrase used as a title for a small part within a longer piece of writing.suburban related to a suburb, or in a suburb(城郊的）.succumb to stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, andallow them to take control [= give in]（屈从）. sumptuous very impressive and expensive(豪华的，奢侈的）.superimpose to put one picture, image, or photograph on top of another so that both can be partly seen （添加，双重）synthetic produced by combining different artificial substances, rather than being naturally produced(合成的，人造的）.Ttangle a twisted mass of something such as hair or thread(混乱，一团糟）Her hair was full of tangles after being out in the wind.thaw melt, or turn back into water after being frozen.thorax the part of your body between your neck and diaphragm (=area just above your stomach)(昆虫的胸部）.thumb the part of your hand that is shaped like a thick short finger and helps you to hold things.TIFF Tagged Image File Format=标签图像文件格式timber wood used for buildings or making things(木材，栋梁）.toad a small animal that looks like a large frog and lives mostly on land. toxic containing poison, or caused by poisonous substances(有毒的）.tray a flat piece of plastic, metal, or wood, with raised edges, used for carrying things such as plates, food etc.（托盘）tremendous very big, fast, powerful, etc.（巨大的）trip hit something with your foot by accident so that you fall or almost fall（绊倒）trundle to move slowly along on wheels, or to make something do this by pushing or pulling it.(移动，滚动）turf a surface that consists of soil with grass on top, or an artificial surface that looks like this（草皮）.turquoise a blue or greenish-blue precious stone(绿松石）Uunsolicited not asked for and often not wanted(未被恳求的，主动提供的）unsolicited calls unsolicited adviceVverge the edge of a road or path（边缘）.be on the verge of :to be at the point where something is about to happen.viable a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully(切实可行的，可实施的）.viral relating to or caused by a virus（病毒的）. virtually almost, practicallyvulnerable can be easily harmed or hurt（易受伤的）He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable. We work mainly with the elderly and other vulnerable groups.Wwand a thin stick you hold in your hand to do magic tricks. wash away carry it away with great forceweed to remove unwanted plants from a garden or place(除草）whale a very large animal that lives in the sea and looks like a fish, but is actually a mammal.wicked 1 behaving in a way that is morally wrong(=evil)wig artificial hair that you wear on your head.wilderness 1SG a large area of land that has never been developed or farmed. Yyearn to have a strong desire for something, especially something that is difficult or impossible to get.。