数值分析答案.pdf
e( A1 ) 10 −2 =1 er ( A1 ) = ≤ 0.01 A1
不能肯定所得结果具有一位有效数字。
2 ) A* = 0.01 ( 2.01 + 2.00 ) ,
A2 = 0.01 (1.42 + 1.41) = 0.01 2.83 = 0.00353356 Λ
e( A2 ) = e(0.01
e( x1 + x2 ) ≈ e( x1 ) + e( x2 ) ≤ e( x1 ) + e( x2 ) ≤ =0.00055
* * ∈ [1.0532 − 0.00055 ,1.0532+0.00055]=[1.05265,1.05375] x1 + x2
(2) x1 =23.46, x2 = − 12.753 e( x1 ) ≤
er ( S ) ≈ er ( R ) ≤
答 计算体积的相对误差限为 0.005,计算侧面积的相对误差限为 0.0025
1 er ( R) ≤ × 10 − 2 3
7.有一圆柱,高为 25.00 cm,半径为 20.00 ± 0.05 cm。试求按所给数据计
算这个圆柱的体积和圆柱的侧面积所产生的相对误差限。 解:1) V ( R ) = πR 2 h
er (V ) ≈ V ′( R ) ⋅ R R er ( R ) = 2πhR ⋅ 2 er ( R ) = 2er ( R ) V πR h
*
x3 = 23.4604
1 2
* x3 − x3 = 23.4213 − 23.4604 = 23.4604 − 23.4213 = 0.0391 ≤ × 10 −1
x3 具有 3 位有效数字, x3 → 23.4 (不能写为 23.5)
(4) x4 =
*
1 , x4 = 0.3333 3
* x4 − x4 = 0.000033Λ < × 10 − 4 , x4 具有 4 位有效数字,x4 = 0.3333
得 A 的近似值的绝对误差限和相对误差限,问两种结果各至少具有几位 有效数字?
* * 解:1) 记 x1 = 2.00 , x2 = 1.41 = 2.01 , x1 = 1.42 , x2
则 e( x1 ) ≤
1 1 × 10 − 2 , e( x2 ) ≤ × 10 − 2 2 2
A* = 2.01 − 2.00 ≈ 1.42 − 1.41 = 0.01
( x1 + x2 ) 1
) = −0.01 ×
1 ( x1 + x2 ) 2
e( x1 + x2 )
e( A2 ) ≤ 0.01 ×
1 1 −2 × ( × 10 + × 10 − 2 ) 2 2 2 (1.42 + 1.41)
1 = 0.12486Λ × 10 − 4 < × 10 − 4 2
∴ 具有 2 位有效数字。
1 1 1 1 1 ⋅ e( x1 ) ≤ × × × 10 − 3 2 1 − x1 2 1 − 0.937 2
er ( f ( x1 )) ≈
= 0.00397 = 3.97 × 10 −3 5. 取
2.01 ≈ 1.42 ,
2.00 ≈ 1.41 试 按 A = 2.01 − 2.00 和
A = 0.01 ( 2.01 + 2.00 ) 两种算法求 A 的值,并分别求出两种算法所
e( A2 ) 0.12486 × 10 −4 = 0.3533547 × 10 − 2 er ( A2 ) = ≤ 0.00353356 A2
3) A* − A1 = A2 − A1 + A* − A2 A* − A1 ≥ A2 − A1 − A* − A2
1 1 = 0.00353356 − 0.01 − × 10 − 4 = 0.006Λ > × 10 − 2 2 2
解: x 2 − 40 x + 1 = 0
x 2 − 40 x + 400 = 399
* x1 = 20 + 399 , * x2 = 20 − 399 =
1 20 + 399
记 x * = 399 , x = 19.975
e( x ) ≤
1 × 10 − 3 2 1 × 10 − 3 2
x1 = 20 + x =20+19.975=39.975
* x1 * x2
∈ [23.015625 − 0.187622 , 23.015625+0.187622]
=[22.828003 , 23.203247] 3.对一元 2 次方程 x 2 − 40 x + 1 = 0 ,如果 399 ≈ 19.975 具有 5 位有效数字,
求其具有 5 位有效数字的根。
(3) x1 = 2.747 e( x1 ) ≤
x2 = 6.83
x1 x2 = 18.76201,
1 1 × 10 − 3 , e( x2 ) ≤ × 10 − 2 2 2
e( x1 x2 ) ≈ x2 e( x1 ) + x1e( x2 ) ≤ x2 e( x1 ) + x1 e( x2 )
1 1 1 ≤ 6.83 × × 10 − 3 + 2.747 × × 10 − 2 = × 10 − 2 × (0.683+2.747)=0.01715 2 2 2
x1 − x2 = 10.707
1 1 × 10 − 2 , e( x2 ) ≤ × 10 − 3 2 2
e( x1 − x2 ) ≈ e( x1 ) − e( x 2 ) ≤ e( x1 ) + e( x2 )
1 1 ≤ × 10 − 2 + × 10 − 3 =0.0055 2 2
* * x1 − x2 ∈ [10.707 − 0 . 0055 , 10.707+0.0055]=[10.7015,10.7125]
f ( x) = 1 − x ,求 f ( x1 ) 的绝对误差限和相对误差限。
解: x1 = 0.937
e( x1 ) ≤
1 × 10 − 3 2
1 × 10 − 3 e( x1 ) 2 = 0.534 × 10 − 3 er ( x1 ) = ≤ 0.937 x1
f ( x ) = 1 − x , f ′( x) = e( f ) ≈ f ′( x )e( x ) = −
*
* * * * *
* *
x1 =451.01; x 2 =-0.045 18;
x3 =23.460 4;
*
1 3
x 4 =0.333 3;
x5 =23.494; x6 =96.1×105 ; x7 =0.96×10 −3 ; x8 =-8 700.3。
x1 = 451.01
1 * x1 − x1 = 0.013 ≤ × 10 −1 , x1 具有 4 位有效数字。 x1 → 451.0 2
−1 2 1− x
1 1 e( x ) , ⋅ 2 1− x
e( f ( x1 )) ≈
1 1 1 1 1 ⋅ e( x1 ) ≤ × × × 10 − 3 = 0.996 × 10 − 3 2 2 1 − x1 1 − 0.937 2
er ( f ) =
e( f ) 1 1 ≈− ⋅ e( x ) , 2 1− x f
(2) x2 = − 0.045 113
*
x2 = − 0.045 18
1 1 * × 10 − 4 < x2 − x2 = 0.045 18 − 0.045113 =0.000 067 < × 10 − 3 2 2
x2 具有 2 位有效数字, x2 → −0.045
(3) x3 = 23.4213
x7 = 0.96 × 10 −3
= −8700.3 x8 具有 4 位有效数字, x8 = −8700 精确
1 * x8 − x8 = 0.3 ≤ × 100 2
2.以下各数均为有效数字: (1) 0.1062 + 0.947; (3)2.747 × 6.83;
习题 1
1. 以下各表示的近似数,问具有几位有效数字?并将它舍入成有效数。
(1) x1 =451.023, (2) x 2 =-0.045 113, (3) x3 =23.421 3, (4) x 4 = , (5) x5 =23.496, (6) x6 =96×10 5 , (7) x7 =0.000 96, (8) x8 =-8 700, 解:(1) x1 = 451.023
er (V ) ≈ 2 er ( R) ≤ 2 × 2) S ( R) = 2π Rh er ( S ) ≈ S ′( R) ⋅
0.05 1 = = 0.005 20 200
R R er ( R ) = e r ( R ) er ( R ) = 2πh ⋅ 2πRh S 0.05 = 0.0025 20
e( x1 ) = e( x2 ) ≤
∴
x1 具有 5 位有效数字。 x2 =
1 1 1 = = = 0.0250156347Λ 20 + x 20 + 19.975 39.975
e( x )
(20 + x) 2
e( x 2 ) ≈ −
,
1 × 10 − 3 e( x ) 1 = 0.313 × 10 − 6 < × 10 − 6 e( x 2 ) ≈ ≤2 2 2 2 39.975 (20 + x)
A1 = 1.42 − 1.41 = 0.01 e( A1 ) = e( x1 − x2 ) ≈ e( x1 ) − e( x2 )
1 1 e( A1 ) ≈ e( x1 ) − e( x2 ) ≤ e( x1 ) + e( x2 ) = × 10 − 2 + × 10 − 2 = 10 − 2 2 2