active immunity（主动免疫）: Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.active transport（主动运输）:Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration) with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP.Alcohol fermentation（乙醇发酵）：is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid into ethanol, a C-2 compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）: A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）: From Aspergillus flavus t, a mycotoxin that typically poisons moldy animal feed and can cause liver cancer in humans and other animals.AIDS（爱滋病）: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Ames test（艾姆氏实验）: A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteriaanabolism（合成代谢）: The energy consuming process of incorporating nutrients into protoplasm through biosynthesis.anaerobe（厌氧微生物）: A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.antibiotic（抗生素）:A chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.antibody（抗体）: A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen.antigen（抗原）: Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin.antigenic determinant（抗原决定基）:The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:A substance such as a drug that competes with, substitutes for, or interferes with a normal metabolite.antiseptic（防腐剂）：A growth-inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent infection. antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific nfections.antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizesa specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself.arthrospore（节孢子）：A fungal spore formed by the septation fragmentation of hyphae. ascospore（子囊）：A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.asepsis（无菌）：A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms.autoantibody（自身抗体）：An "anti-self antibody having an ffinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed.autoantigen（自身抗原）：Molecules that are inherently part of self but are perceived by theimmune system as foreignautoimmune disease（自身免疫疾病）：The pathologic condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens. Example: rheumatoid arthritis. Also called autoimmunitybacteriophage（噬菌体）：A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth.binary fission（二分裂）：The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division.B lymphocyte (B cell)：A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies. broad spectrum（广谱）：A word to denote drugs that affect many different types of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.Capsid（衣壳）：The protein covering of a virus's nucleic acid core. Capsids exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers.capsomer（衣壳粒）：A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc. capsule（荚膜）：In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence. Catabolism（分解代谢）：The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism.cell-mediated immune（细胞介导免疫）：The type of immune responses brought about by T cells, such as cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper effects.chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotraphchemotaxis（趋化性）：The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）：The use of chemical substances or drugs to treat or prevent disease.Chitin（几丁质）：A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the homy substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi complement（补体）：In immunology, serum protein components hat act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway.Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexual fungal spores shed as free units from the tips of fertile hyphae. Conjugation（接合）：In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involvespecial (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.Colony(菌落)：A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.Contaminant（污染物）：An impurity; any undesirable material or organism.Culture（培养物）：The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media. curddifferential medium（鉴别培养基）：A single substrate that discriminates between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their appearance due to different chemical reactions.differential stain（鉴别染色）：A technique that utilizes two dyes to distinguish betweendifferent microbial groups or cell parts by color reaction.Disinfection（消毒）：The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces.ELISA（酶联免疫）：Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a very sensitive serological test used to detect antibodies in diseases such as AIDS。