树形图详细讲解

1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces.

a) The old lady sudde nly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road.

Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road.

Det N Aux Aux V Det N

d) He n ever appears quite mature.

N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

b) a story about a sen time ntal girl

NP

Det A N

a story about a sen time ntal girl

c) ofte n read detective stories

Qual V NP

ofte n read detective stories

d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals

NP NP a) full of people

AP

full of people

NP PP

VP

Det N 八

Det N

the argume nt aga inst the proposalsOR

In flP(=S)

3

e) move towards the win dow

VP

PP

Det N

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the followi ng senten

ces.

a) The jet Ian ded.

In flP(=S)

The jet

b) Mary became very ill.

In flP(=S)

Mary

c) What will you talk about?

CP

VP

VP

NP

Det

NP Infl VP

Pst V

NP

Infl S z NP Infl

'

VP

What will talk about you e

man. d) The apple might hit the

S

The apple might hit the man move towards the wi ndow

NP /X Det N Infl VP

Pst

Ian ded

became very ill

NP

Det Aux 4

VP 、 V

e) He often reads detective stories.

S

NP

Qual

4. The followi ng sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each senten ce, first ide ntify the modifier(s),

the n draw the tree structures.

a) A frighte ned passe nger Ian ded the crippled airpla ne.

In flP(=S)

Det A

A frighte ned passe nger Ian ded the crippled airpla neThe apple might hit the man Infl

Det

VP

He often reads etective stories

OR

In flP(=S)

NP Infl VP

He Pre

Qual NP

A

ofte n reads etective stories

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP OR

In flP(=S)

5

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

In flP(=S)

c) An unu sual event occurred before the meet ing.

In flP(=S)

NP

De

An unu sual eve nt occurred before the meet ing

d) A qua int old house appeared on the grassy hill.

In flP(=S)

5. The follow ing sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the

sentences,

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pan ts.

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V

A huge

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V

PP

Det

P Det A N

A qua int old house appeared on the grassy

hill PP

moon

NP Infl VP

A PP

In

flP(=S) OR

In flP(=S)

6

N CON

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Hele n put on her clothes and went

out. S

N CON

V

OR Hele n put on her clothes and went out

In

flP(=S)

N CON

Hele n put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

S

NP VP

N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR

In flP(=S)

7

NP Infl VP

CON VP N Pres VP

VP NP

but (is)

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S tired of statistics

CON

NP /X Det N VP

z\

V Adv NP

Det A VP

V Adv

the mysterious man came in

e) Crusoe knows that spri ng will come and the snow will melt. The detective went out and

CP

CON

NP VP NP

Aux Det N VP

Aux V

knows that spri ng

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an

prepositi on or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) You know that I hate war. Crusoe will come and the snow will melt

adjective, a

You C VP

know that CP

NP

hate war