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离散数学课后习题答案

习题参考解答习题1、(3)P:银行利率降低Q:股价没有上升P∧Q(5)P:他今天乘火车去了北京Q:他随旅行团去了九寨沟QP∇(7)P:不识庐山真面目Q:身在此山中Q→P,或~P→~Q(9)P:一个整数能被6整除Q:一个整数能被3整除R:一个整数能被2整除T:一个整数的各位数字之和能被3整除P→Q∧R ,Q→T2、(1)T (2)F (3)F (4)T (5)F(6)T (7)F (8)悖论习题1(3))()()()()()(RPQPRPQPRQPRQP→∨→⇔∨⌝∨∨⌝⇔∨∨⌝⇔∨→(4)()()()(())()(()())(())()()()()P Q Q R R P P R Q R P P R R P Q R P P R P R Q R Q P ∧∨∧∨∧=∨∧∨∧=∨∨∧∧∨∧=∨∧∨∧∨∧∨=右2、不, 不, 能习题1(3) (())~((~))(~)()~(~(~))(~~)(~)P R Q P P R Q P P R T P R P R Q Q P R Q P R Q →∧→=∨∧∨=∨∧=∨=∨∨∧=∨∨∧∨∨、主合取范式)()()()()()()()()()()()()()())(())(()()(())()())(()((Q P R P Q R P Q R R Q P R Q P R Q P Q P R Q P R P Q R P Q R R Q P R Q P R Q P R Q P Q Q P R P P Q R R R Q Q P P R Q R P P Q R P P Q R P ∧∧∨∧⌝∧∨⌝∧⌝∧∨∧⌝∧⌝∨⌝∧∧⌝∨⌝∧⌝∧⌝=∧∧∨⌝∧∧∨∧⌝∧∨⌝∧⌝∧∨∧⌝∧⌝∨∧⌝∧⌝∨⌝∧∧⌝∨⌝∧⌝∧⌝=∨⌝∧∧∨∨⌝∧⌝∧∨∨⌝∧∨⌝∧⌝=∧∨⌝∧∨⌝=∨⌝∧∨⌝=→∧→ ————主析取范式(2) ()()(~)(~)(~(~))(~(~))(~~)(~)(~~)P Q P R P Q P R P Q R R P R Q Q P Q R P Q R P R Q →∧→=∨∧∨=∨∨∧∧∨∨∧=∨∨∧∨∨∧∨∨Q 2、()~()(~)(~)(~~)(~)(~~)P Q R P Q R P Q P R P Q R P Q R P R Q →∧=∨∧=∨∧∧=∨∨∧∨∨∧∨∨∴等价 3、解:根据给定的条件有下述命题公式:(A →(CD ))∧~(B ∧C )∧~(C ∧D )(~A ∨(C ∧~D )∨(~C ∧D ))∧(~B ∨~C )∧(~C ∨~D ) ((~A ∧~B )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B )∨(~C ∧D ∧~B )∨(~A ∧~C )∨(C ∧~D ∧~C )∨(~C ∧D ∧~C ))∧(~C ∨~D )((~A ∧~B )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B )∨(~C ∧D ∧~B )∨(~A ∧~C )∨(~C ∧D ∧~C )) ∧(~C ∨~D )(~A ∧~B ∧~C )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧~C )∨(~C ∧D ∧~B ∧~C )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧~C )∨(~C ∧D ∧~C ∧~C )∨(~A ∧~B ∧~D )∨ (C ∧~D ∧~B ∧~D )∨(~C ∧D ∧~B ∧~D )∨(~A ∧~C ∧~D )∨ (~C ∧D ∧~C ∧~D )(由题意和矛盾律)(~C ∧D ∧~B )∨(~A ∧~C )∨(~C ∧D )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B )(~C ∧D ∧~B ∧A )∨ (~C ∧D ∧~B ∧~A )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧B )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧~B )∨ (~C ∧D ∧A )∨ (~C ∧D ∧~A )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧A )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧~A )(~C ∧D ∧~B ∧A )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧B ∧D )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧B ∧~D )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧~B ∧D )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧~B ∧~D )∨(~C ∧D ∧A ∧B )∨ (~C ∧D ∧A ∧~B )∨ (~C ∧D ∧~A ∧B )∨ (~C ∧D ∧~A ∧~B )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧A )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧~A ) (~C ∧D ∧~B ∧A )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧B ∧D )∨ (~C ∧D ∧A ∧~B )∨ (~C ∧D ∧~A ∧B ) ∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧A )(~C ∧D ∧~B ∧A )∨ (~A ∧~C ∧B ∧D )∨(C ∧~D ∧~B ∧A ) 三种方案:A 和D 、 B 和D 、 A 和C习题1、 (1)需证()(())P Q P P Q →→→∧为永真式()(())~(~)(~())~~(~)(()(~))~(~)(~)()P Q P P Q P Q P P Q P P P Q P Q TP Q P Q TP Q P P Q →→→∧=∨∨∨∧∨=∨∨∧∨=∨∨∨=∴→⇒→∧Q (3)需证S R P P →∧⌝∧为永真式SR P P T S F S R F S R P P ⇒∧⌝∧∴⇔→⇔→∧⇔→∧⌝∧Θ3A B A B ⇒∴→Q 、为永真式。

即~A B ∨永真 ~~~~A B B A B A ∨⇔∨⇔→Q 永真A B ∴⇒当且仅当~~B A ⇒4、设: P :珍宝藏在东厢房Q :藏宝的房子靠近池塘R :房子的前院栽有大柏树S :珍宝藏在花园正中地下t :后院栽有香樟树 m :珍宝藏在附近(后院)命题化后进行推理:(~)()()()~()()()~()()()Q p R P Q R S t m p R P R S t m R R S t m S t m →∧→∧∧∨∧→⇒∧→∧∨∧→⇒∧∨∧→⇒∧→ 即S 为真,珍宝藏在花园正中地下5、(1)F (P=0,Q=1) (2)F (P=1,Q=R=0) (3)F (P=0,Q=1) 习题1.(1)~,~~P Q R Q P R ∨→⇒→证:利用CP 规则① P P (附加前提)② ~P QP ∨ ③ QT ①②I ④ ~R Q P →⑤~R T③④I⑥结论成立CP规则①⑤(2)()(),()∨→∧→⇒→P Q R S SVE B P B 证:①P P(附加)②P∨Q T①③()()∨→∧P Q R S P④R S T∧②③⑤S T④⑥S∨E T⑤⑦S∨E→B P⑧B T⑥⑦⑨P B CP→(①⑧)2. (2) P:无任何痕迹Q:失窃时,小花在OK厅R:失窃时,小英在OK厅S:失窃时,小胖在附近T:金刚是偷窃者M:瘦子是偷窃者命题可符号化为:{M→⌝→R∨,,,},,→⌝⌝TSRPQSQP→R证:①P P②P→PS~③S~T①②④R~→PS~⑤R~T③④⑥RQ∨P⑦Q T⑤⑥⑧TQ→P⑨T T⑦⑧∴金刚是窃贼。

3. (1) 不相容(2) 相容()0RQP==S=,1=(3)不相容(4)不相容4. (1)证:()()()P∨∧→∧~∧~(→)PSQ→SQP∧QR()()()()P∨∧∨∧~∨~~~⇔~RQPQSS∨P∧Q∧即{}P~,~~~∨∨=∨∨Φ,SQPQ,S~RP,Q利用消解原理:①P P②Q~∨PP~③Q~①②④Q~PP∨⑤~P③④⑥~F∧□①⑤PP=习题1. (1)()x A :x 是实数 ()x B :x 是有理数()()()()∧→∀x A x B x ()()()∧→⌝∀x B x A x ()()()x B x A x ∧∃(2)()x A :x 是直线()y x F ,:x 与y 平行 ()y x G ,:x 与y 相交()()()()()[]b a G b a F b A a A b a ,,⌝↔→∧∀∀(3))(x A :x 是会员 )(x C :x 有意义),(y x F :x 参加y a :这个活动()()()()a x F x A x a C ,→∀→或者 ()()()a C a x F x A x ⌝→→⌝∀),((4) ()x A :x 是正整数 )(x B :x 是合数 )(x C :x 是质数 ()()()()x C x B x A x ∇→∀(5) ()x A :x 是人 B (x ):x 存钱 a :利息P:存钱有利息 ()y x F ,:x 想有y()()()()()()()[]x B x A P a x F x B x A x ⌝∧→⌝∧→∧∀,2.(1)()()()()()()()210210Q R R P P P ∨∨∧∧∧(2)()()][()()]()()[[221100Q P Q P Q P →∧→∧→4.(1) ()()()[()]()()z y x R z t y Q y x P y x ,,,,∀∨→∃∀习题1.(1)D :数 ()()xy y x f x x A ==,0:()()()()[]()()()1,11,+-⌝→-⌝∧∨→∀∀x x f A x A y A x A y x f A y x可满足式(2)()x x A :是诚实的人 ()x x B :讲实话 a :小林()()[]()()a B a A x B x A x ⌝→⌝∧→∀ 可满足式(3) ()x x A :不便宜()x x B :是好货 ()x y x F :,买的y a :衣服 b :小王()()[]()()()a B a A b a F x B x A x →∧∧→∀,可满足式(4)()x x A :是作家 ()x x B :懂得人性本质()x x C :是诗人 ()x x D :是真正的()x x E :能刻画人们内心世界()x x F :很高明()x y x P :,创作了y a :莎士比亚 b :哈姆雷特()()()()()()()[]()()[])(),()()()()()(,)(x D b x P x C x x E x B x A x b a P x D x E x C x F x B x A x →∧∀∧∧⌝∧∃⌝∧∧⌝→⌝∧∧→∧∀ 2.(1) T3.(1) F (2) T4. 0:)( ,:),( :>=y y Q e y y x P D x 实数习题1.(1)()()][y Q x P y x →∃∃()[()]y Q x P y x ∨∃∃⇔~()[()]y yQ x P y x ∃∨∃∃⇔~())(~y yQ x P x ∃∨∃⇔())(~y yQ x xP ∃∨∀⇔()()())(y Q y x P Ax ∃→⇔2. 不成立D={0,1,2} 1)2(,0)1(,1)0( 0)2(,1)1(,0)0(Q Q Q P P P3.(1)()()()()()y P y x P x ∃→∀~()()()()()y P y x P x ∃∨∀⇔~~()(()()()()y P y x P x ∃∨∃⇔~~()()()()()y P y x P x ~∀∧∀⇔()()()()()y P x P y x ~∧∀∀⇔ ——skolem 范式(2)()()()()()()z y Q z y x P x ,~∀∃→∀()()()()()()z y Q z y x P x ,~~∀∃∨∀⇔()()()()()z y Q z y x P x ,~∃∀∧∀⇔()()()()()()z y Q x P z y x ,~∧∃∀∀⇔ ——前束范式 ()()()()()()y x f y Q x P y x ,,~∧∀∀⇔ ——skolem 范式习题1. (1)证:在某个解释下,()()()][)(y Q x P y x ∧∃∃取值1,必有D b a ∈,, ()()b Q a P ∧,取值1,因此,D a ∈∃ ()a P 取值1。

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