MALTREAT
Borrowing money is an abuse of friendship. abuse of power, drug abuse, to abuse one's power, authority, position, wealth, etc.
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• Stature • a. Someone's stature is their height and general size. She was rather small in stature. b. The stature of a person or of their achievements is the importance and reputation that they have. a musician of international stature Comparison: statue, status • statue: figure of a person, animal, etc., in wood, stone, bronze, etc. • the Statue of Liberty / Venus status: condition, position in relation to others one's class / political / social / marital status
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The two related disciplines of lexicography
• Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries. • Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries. This is sometimes referred to as metalexicography.
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betray: a. If you betray someone's trust, confidence, etc, or you betray your principles, you fail to act in the good and morally correct way that was expected of you. He betrayed his friends to the enemy. She betrayed her promise. Judas betrayed Jesus (to the authorities) b. If you betray a secret, a plan, etc, you tell people things that you have been asked to keep secret. c. To betray a feeling means to show it without wanting to or intending to. I’m afraid that my face may betray sth. Her eyes betrayed her sadness. His accent betrayed the fact that he was foreign.
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Words and Expressions
abuse: n. & v. abusive, adj. a. unkind, cruel or rude words, He burst into a storm of abuse. He constantly addressed her in terms of abuse. You are always abusing and offending people. b. wrong use, MISUSE, improper treatment,
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Background Information
• Webster, Noah (Oct. 16, 1748 - May 28, 1843) -- American lexicographer and philologist, -- born in West Hartford, Conn. A Yale graduate -- in 1828, published his greatest work, The American Dictionary of the English Language . Within one year, all the 2,500 copies issued in America and the 3,000 copies in Britain were sold out. -- in 1840, the second edition of the dictionary was a failure and he had to sell the copy right to Merriam Publishing Company which thereafter became the Merriam-Webster Incorporation. -- in 1961, the third edition was published. -- He holds that the spelling and grammar of a language must be based on actual usage rather than artificial principles. And thus laid a foundation for the 20th century lexicography.
6Leabharlann 2013-7-25Textual Structure
Part 1: ( 1-3 ): Opening paragraphs: raising the question
Part 2: ( 4 – 17): Statements before basic principles Part 3: (18 – 31): Illustrations of good dictionaries
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Bloomfield
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Bloomfield, Leonard, 1887–1949, American linguist, born. Chicago. Professor at Ohio State Univ. (1921–27), at the Univ. of Chicago (1927–40), and at Yale (from 1940). Influence dominated the development of structural linguistics in America between the 1930s and the 1950s. Known for his book Language (1933), describing the state of the art of linguistics at its time. The main founder of the Linguistic Society of America. Bloomfield's thought was mainly characterized by its behavioristic principles for the study of meaning, its insistence on formal procedures for the analysis of language data, as well as a general concern to provide linguistics with rigorous scientific methodology. Its pre-eminence decreased in the late 1950s and 1960s, after the emergence of Generative Grammar. His other works include Tagalog Texts with Grammatical Analysis (1917), Linguistic Aspects of Science (1939), Spoken Dutch (1945), and Spoken Russian (1945).
Part4: (32– 33): Conclusion
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Detailed Study of the text
Part 1: ( Para. 1-3 )
Opening paragraphs: raising the question
How did the writer raise the question? a) (para 1) sums up the worst attacks on the dictionary by the popular press. b) (para 2) states the claim of the dictionary compilers (using a rhetoric question) c) (para 3) the discrepancy between the criticism and the great efforts calls for an examination of dictionary-making principles (using four questions )