6.3 Culture, Gender Roles, and Stereotypes文化、性别角色和刻 板印象
• Culture and Gender Stereotypes 文化和性别刻板印象
• Culture, Gender-Role Ideology and Self-Concept 文化、性别角 色观和自我概念
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6.1 Sex and Gender
生理性别与社会性别
• Sex - the biological and physiological differences between men and women. 生理性别-男女之间生物学和生理学上的差异。
• Gender - behaviors or patterns of activities that a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women. 社会性别 - 社会和文化所认为的男女各自恰当的行为和活动模式。
• Ethnicity and Gender Roles 民 族和性别角色
6.4 Changing Cultures, Changing Gender Roles 文化变化时性别角 色也变化>>
6.5 Conclusion 结束语 >>
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前言
• Parallels can be drawn between the impact of gender versus the impact of culture on psychology. 性别与文化对心理学的影响具有相同特点。 – 30 to 40 years ago scholars began to question whether knowledge based on men was applicable to women. 在30到40年以前，学者们开始质疑基于对男性研究而得到的知识 是否可以应用于女性。 – Women were included as participants. 女性也成为了研究对象。 – Today, studies of gender differences are commonplace. 现在，性别差异的研究已经成为了很普遍的课题。
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• Differences in sex roles exist in all societies of the world, and are universal. 生理性别角色差异存在于一切 社会，具有普世性（共性）。 – Only women can carry a child, give birth, and breast-feed. 只有女性能够怀孕、生孩子和哺乳。
• Gender Identity - the degree to which a person has awareness or recognition that he or she adopts a particulaБайду номын сангаас gender role. 社 会性别认同(定位) - 个体对于自己选定某种社会性别角色的意识和认 可程度。
Chapter 6 Culture and Gender
Chapter 6 Culture and Gender
文化与性别
前言 >>
6.1 Sex and Gender 生理性别与社会 性别
6.2 Gender Differences across Cultures 不同文化的性别差异
• Hofstede’s Study 霍夫斯泰德研究 • Cognitive Differences 认知差异 • Conformity and Obedience从众与
• Many of the same questions are raised concerning whether what we are learning in classes and in our laboratories is indeed true for people of all cultures and ethnicities. 学者们提出了很多相似问题，这些问题涉及到，我们在课堂和实验室 学到的知识是否确实适用于所有文化和民族。
• Sex Roles - the behaviors and patterns of activities men and women may engage in that are directly related to their biological differences and the process of reproduction. 生理性别角色 - 与生物差异和生殖过程直接有联系的行为和活动模式。
• Gender Stereotypes - the psychological or behavioral characteristics typically associated with men and women.社会 性别刻板印象 – 与男性和女性联系在一起的典型的心理或行为特点。
• Gender-role ideology has to do with judgments about what males and females ought to be like or ought to do. 性别角色 观，即个体对男性和女性应该怎样或应该什么做的判断（关于性别角 色的理想状态的判断）。
• Gender Role - the degree to which a person adopts the gender-
specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture.
社会性别角色 - 个体对文化分配给不同性别的行为方式的接受程度。
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• Sexual Identity - the degree of awareness and recognition of sex and sex roles. 生理性别性认同 (定位)- 个体对生理性别和生理 性别角色的意识和认可程度。
服从 • Aggressiveness 攻击性 • Personality 个性 • Sex and Sexuality 性别有关问题 • Mate Selection, Mate Poaching
and Jealousy 择偶、偷配偶与嫉妒 • Division of Labor 劳动分工 • Summary 小结