英语十大词类与八大句子成分一、十大词类根据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用，可把英语单词分为十大词类：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。
根据不同词类所具有的共同特征，又将十大词类分为两大部分：1．实词：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。
特征：具有完整的词义；能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。
2．虚词：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。
特征：没有完整的意思；不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分，必须和实词搭配，才能充当句子成分。
十大词类和八大句子成分二、八大句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
Ⅰ. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）Ⅱ. 谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由连系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students.Ⅲ. 表语表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, turn, seem等）之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
例如：Our teacher of English is an American. （名词）Is it yours? （代词）The weather has turned cold. （形容词）The speech is exciting. （分词）Three times seven is twenty-one? （数词）His job is to teach English. （不定式）His hobby is playing football. （动名词）The machine must be out of order. （介词短语）Time is up. The class is over. （副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）Ⅳ. 宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me. （不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词短语）I think (that) he is fit for his office. （宾语从句）宾语的种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.Ⅴ. 定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
定语可由以下等形式表示：Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised. （代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语）Ⅵ. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane. （分词短语）Wait a minute. （名词）Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句）状语的种类：How about meeting again at six? （时间状语）Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语）I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）I am taller than he is. （比较状语）Ⅶ. 宾语补足语和主语补足语英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。
宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语。
可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。
例如：His father named him Dong Lei. （名词作宾语补足语）They painted their boat white. （形容词作宾语补足语）Let the fresh air in. （副词作宾语补足语）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语作宾语补足语）We saw her entering the room. （现在分词作宾语补足语）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语作宾语补足语）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句作宾语补足语）She was seen entering the room. （现在分词作主语补足语）Some goods are left unsold. （分词做主语补足语）Ⅷ. 同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。
例如：This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital. （名词）He himself did it. （代词）The year, 1988 is important. （数词）My task, looking after these children is important. （动名词）My job, to teach them grammar is hard. （不定式）The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful. （同位语从句）练习：一、指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分。
1. Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.2. The nursery takes good care of our children.3. I’ll return the book to you tomorrow.4. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other.5. I have a lot of work to do.6. We can send a car over to fetch you.7. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.8. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting.9. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today.10. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working.二、标出下列各句子成分（A--主语；B--谓语；C--宾语；D--状语；E--宾语补足语；F--系动词；G--表语；H--定语）11. I need money and respect.12. I am a junior middle school student.13. I read a lot.14. We meet every week to play with each other.15. My hobby is playing chess.16. My mum taught me how to play when I was seven years old.17. On my eighth birthday, I won for the first time.18. I’m saving my money to buy a chess computer.19. We want to climb mountains as well as to listen to music.20. People all over the world gave him interesting things from different countries.21. I decide to become a musician at the age of five.22. The teacher made us sing songs from time to time.23. She asked me where the library is.24. What you said sounds reasonable.25. Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. (NMET2001. C篇)。