Poverty in China
The general introduction of poverty problems in China Reasons Measures taken and to be taken
the general introduction
the period of planned economy
表1：中国城市贫困人口变化趋势
年份 1988 1995 1999 2002
贫困线（元/人年）
289
2107
2382
634——3840
贫困规模（百万人）
0.7
19.1
13.4
19.6
贫困发生率（%）
0.2
5.4
3.5
4.1
Reasons
the consequence of the structure caused by changed economy
B.调整产业结构，扩大就业领域和范围 发展第三产业尤其是社区服务业：零售业、不动产业、出 租业、家庭服务业、修理业、娱乐业、教育、医疗保健，等 等。 发展私营个体经济：未来吸纳就业的主要力量。 发展劳动密集型的中小企业。 开展国内跨区和国际跨国劳务流动和输出。 C.完善再就业服务体系 建立以劳动力市场需求为导向的职业技能培训体系，加大 再就业领域财政资源投入力度，创造保护性安置就业岗位， 完善法律法规体系。 To adjust the industrial structure, and expand employment field and scope The development of the third industry especially community service industry: retail, real estate industry, ChuZuYe, family service, repairing,
• those out of work and the unemployed again obtain employment, new employment labor employed • A re-employment project • 1993 to 30 cities carry out "the reemployment project" pilot • In 1998, the provisions of the tax burden reduction, capital credit, industry and commerce registration and the arrangement of laid-off workers to support and preferential. • Establish again obtain employment service center: looking for employment. • Widen again obtain employment domain and the development of jobs. • Carry out again obtain employment training and guidance services.
the period of co laid-off and unemployed workers have a large presence, different income groups differentiation of the growing gap between rich and poor enlarging trend gradually expansion, absolute poverty and relative poverty problem is getting worse.
4.2.1促进就业政策
（1）内容：下岗者和失业者再就业，新增就业劳动力就业 （2）措施： A.再就业工程 1993年30个城市开展“再就业工程”试点 1998年，规定资金信贷、税负减免、工商登记和场地安排等方面给下岗职工扶持和优惠。 建立再就业服务中心：寻找就业机会。 拓宽就业领域并开发再就业岗位。 开展再就业培训与指导服务。those out of work and the unemployed again obtain employment, new employment labor employed • A re-employment project • 1993 to 30 cities carry out "the reemployment project" pilot • In 1998, the provisions of the tax burden reduction, capital credit, industry and commerce registration and the arrangement of laid-off workers to support and preferential. • Establish again obtain employment service center: looking for employment. • Widen again obtain employment domain and the development of jobs. • Carry out again obtain employment training and guidance services.
4.2.1促进就业政策 下岗职工基本生活费制度 失业保险制度 城市居民最低生活保障制度 城镇职工基本医疗保险制度。 公共服务与社会救助 其它政策支持The off-duty workers basic living expenses system Unemployment insurance system System of safeguard of townsman lowest life Basic medical insurance system for urban employees. Public service and social assistance Other policy support
Life level close, income group differentiation is not significant, the gap between rich and poor is small, general life level is low. Enterprise provide social welfare and labor safeguard, residents between each other difference.
The first industry density lowered, agricultural labor pouring into the city, worsening the original the obtain employment of personnel of the urban employment environment, and created a new lowlowincome people.
inequality in income-distributionRegional
income gap: regional development imbalance, northwest and northeast, different reasons. At the same time, social basic life project cost growth too fast, lead to the burden of poverty population than rich people more huge burden.
the begnning of the reform
The development of the private economy gradually expand space, foreign capital to begin to enter Chinese, first time income distribution way began to change. Different income groups began to appear differentiation, poverty gap appeared, the overall level of living gap began pulling away。
lack of employment
not sound in the system of social security ◎Social security face narrow: people cannot all included in the scope of
protection. The state-owned units are the main object Foreign investment, private enterprise, private individual and industrial and commercial door, are not included in the floating population. Security level is low: social security project less, the system is not complete,and relief and difficult allowance standard is too low Social security of the low level of socialization, BaoZhangFei ShouJiaoLv is low, the enterprise defaults, misappropriate or unable to pay the security fees for outstanding phenomenon Social security funds sources single: national finance capacity weakness and enterprise, lower benefit, especially the local government financial resources is weak, the surplus and laid-off workers, numerous enterprises generally very low efficiency. Some social security project system reform existence of loopholes