The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May. 自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们 一直认为它是很容易被打破的。 Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. 大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉 毒品。

as clear as crystal, as cunning as a fox as easy as ABC/ pie, as brave as a lion as light as feather/ air, as tough as leather as mute as a fish, as soft as silk/butter as timid as a hare as slippery as an eel
上班 上课 上场 上演 上阵 上台 上任 go to work; attend class; appear on the stage/court; perform; go into battle; come to power; take up an official post 上当 上火 上瘾 be taken in; get angry; be addicted
汉语: 前重心 left-extending heavy-headed 狮子型语言 英语: 后重心 right-extending heavy-tailed 孔雀型语言
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
树
一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 花园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 同里镇李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 ……

表该上了。 The watch needs winding. 这事已上了电视。 It has been publicized on TV. 一连上了好几盘菜。 Several courses were served in succession.
5) culture as close/ dumb as an oyster(牡蛎） 守口如瓶 west wind
(1) His children were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. 他的几个孩子都穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，没爹 没娘似的。 (2) I’m glad you showed up when you did. 你来的正是时候。 (3) I can’t trust him, because he is not honest. 他不老实，我不能信任他。
英汉词汇对比
1) equivalents microwave supermarket right-wing keyboard nuclear weapons chain reactions cold war open secret The U. S. State Department The Pacific Ocean

跑得了和尚,跑不了庙. The monks may run away, but never his temple. 上梁不正下梁歪。 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant. 你死了，我就做和尚。（《红楼梦》） If you are dead, I will be a monk.
重形合的英语的显著特点是介词丰富 重意合的汉语是动词丰富 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑 洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。

as busy as a bee, as firm/ hard as a rock as white as snow, as cold as ice as strong as a horse, as bright as daylight as blind as a bat as silly as a goose/ as ass as swift as an antelope as stubborn as a mule
有些语言学家用植物来作比，把英语句子 的结构称为“葡萄型”结构，意为在短短 的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实； 汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝， 而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因 此被称为“竹竿型”结构。
基本方法： 英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形 式，才能确定句子的功能、意义； 汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意 义，才能确定句子的结构、形式

山 门 大学 笑 叫 看

hill/ mountain gate/ door college/ university laugh/ smile call/ shout/ cry see/ look/ peer/ peep glance/ glimpse/stare / gaze/ glare/ gape
例：翻译的形合和意合 It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall.
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，对于 那些在和平时期的秋天树叶再度转黄之前 将要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人们是 一个动人的送别。 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，动人 的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到站后和平 时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日 的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。
2. 前重心后重心
Sino-Tibetan family 汉藏语系 ideographic character 表意文字
Indo-European family 印欧语系 orthographic spelling 表音文字
汉语
英语
英汉词汇对比
1) equivalents 2) partial equivalents 3) no equivalents 4) polysemy 5) culture
英汉语言结构对比
1. 重形合重意合 2. 前重心后重心 3. 主体与客体
1. 重形合重意合
英语重形合(hypotaxis) 以形显意 句子逻辑关系靠关联 词等显性连接手段来 直接标示 句子结构比较严谨但 缺少弹性 一串葡萄 汉语重意合(parataxis) 以意役形 句子各成分之间靠隐 形连贯来间接显示， 不用或少用关联词， 句子结构比较松散但 富有弹性。 竹竿型
2) partial equivalenቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱs
wear gun marriage president uncle fry cut 穿、戴 枪、炮 嫁、娶 总统/校长/主席/长官 叔/伯伯/姑父/舅/姨夫 煎/ 炒/ 炸/ 煸/ 炝 割/ 切/ 剪/ 修
It’s quite another story now. 现在情形完全不同了。 The war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 这场战争已成为这一代人的最重大事件。
The official refused to confirm the story. 那个官员拒绝证实这个消息。 Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. 有些那次会议没有到场的记者把内情揭 露出来。
3) no equivalents DINK DINK(Double Income No Kid) 有双份收入而没有小孩的夫妇 couch potato 整日呆在沙发上看电视的人 hacker 计算机迷 黑客 气功 功夫 粽子 磕头(kowtow) 阴阳八卦 太极 雨水 三九
At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy’ intention. We should not shoot him from the hip. 在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报， 我们不能鲁莽行事。 Don't be so soft, there's nothing to be afraid of. 别这么窝囊, 没什么可怕的嘛.
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
小辣椒见是书记，一愣，松开手，跟着就 瘫了下来，滚地皮，大哭大闹。 Dumbfounded at seeing the secretary, Little Pepper relaxed her hands, then collapsed, rolling on the ground with cries and screams.