More recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2002) described culture as follows: "…culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual , material , intellectual and emotional features of society or a group, and that it encompasses, in addtion to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs."
In 1952,Alfred Kroeber and Clye Kluckhohn complied a list of 164 definition of "culture" in the book of A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
The term was first used by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
Lecture One: Understanding Culture
Ⅰ.The definition fo culture
The word culture is from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" Agriculture
Ⅰ. Objectives
Deepen our understanding of Chinese culture; Enhance our appreciation of Chinese culture; Broaden our knowledge of cultural heritage in China; Introducing Chinese culture to friends from other
( paiting, operas, embroidary, china, martial arts....) Lecture Seven: Chinese Cuisine Lecture Eight: A story-telling competition
Ⅲ. Requirements and Evaluation
All human behavior and Refinement of thoughts, manner
thoughts
or taste
time
along with human history
a certain stage of social
development
Definition of Culture
20 points to the total score.
Ⅳ.Reference
• Chinese Red Series • Daily Readings of Chinese Culture • The Importance of Living • My country and my people • The Wisdom of Laotse • The Wisdom of Confucius
Presentation accounts for 50 points; A story telling task accounts for 30 points; Full attendance accounts for 10 points; Voluntary and excellent classroom performence adds
counties and teaching Chinese culture in foreign schools.
Ⅱ. Teaching Contents
Lecture One: What Culture Is Lecture Two: Confucianism Lecture Three: Taoism Lecture Four: Buddhism Lecture Five: Traditional Chinese Festivals Lecture Six: Chinese Arts and Crafts
Culture is difficult to define in simple terms, because it is too complex and extensive. It generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic strutures that give such activities significance and importance. Various definitions of culture reflect differing theories for understanding, or criteria for evaluating human activity.
广阔
文化”是人类创造物质财富 和精神财富的总和，而“文 与“文明”的含义更为接近 明”是文化成果中的精华部
分。
Some notione
civilization
origin content
cult to cultivate
civ---civil cit---city
文的引申意义
《论语·子罕》所载孔子说“文王既没，文不在兹 乎”
为包括语言文字内的各种象征符号，进而具体化 为文物典籍、礼乐制度。
文化
culture
文治教化、礼乐典章制度的 原为动词，栽培、种植的含
礼节 文的引申意义
义
一开始就专注于精神领域
更偏向于人类的物质生产活 动，后才引申到精神活动领 域，其内涵比“文化”更为