Place of
State of the Vocal Cords
Articulation B V
BV BV B V
BV
BV
V
BV B
Manners of Articulation
Plosives
Bilabial
pb
Labio- Dental Alveolar Post-
Palato- Palata Velar Glotta
3.1 Classification of diphthongs Closing diphthongs
Classification of diphthongs Centering diphthongs
English Consonants
1. Classification of English consonants
Manner of articulation means how obstruction is created (发 音时气流受阻的方式)．For example:
According to the manner of articulation we can distinguish:
1) stops (or plosives 爆破音、塞音) 2) fricatives 擦音 3) affricates 塞擦音 4) nasals鼻音 5) lateral(s)流音 6) semi-vowels 半元音
Description of vowels
This is a projection of the vowel space in the vocal tract between the hard palate and the rear wall of the pharynx:
Vowels can be placed according to tongue position on the IPA Vowel Quadrilateral (see IPA Chart):
or spreading.
Vowels can be placed according to tongue position on the IPA Vowel Quadrilateral (see IPA Chart):
Lip posture (IPA)
The lips can be spread as for [i], rounded as
There are 24 consonants in English. These consonants may be classified according to the following: 1) place of articulation, 2) manner of articulation, and 3) voicing, i.e. voiced or voiceless.
for [u], or neutral as for [ɜ].
Rounded vowels are produced with the corner of the lips brought forward, while unrounded vowels are produced with the corners pulled back. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels, i.e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels except /ɑ:/ are rounded vowels.
Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
In the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.
more tense sound than /ɪ/
Comparison for /u:/ & /ʊ/
Similarity: both /u:/ and /ʊ/ are high back vowels Dissimilarities: • the raised part of the tongue for /u:/ is higher than that for /ʊ/; • the part of the tongue raised for /ʊ/ is not as back as that for /u:/ • /u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded
g
NASAL
m n ŋ
/p/ has the features VOICELESS, LABIAL, PLOSIVE in English, etc.
3.3 Phonemic contrast，complementary distribution，and minimal pair (音位对立、互补分布、最小对立对)
According to the place of articulation we may distinguish the following types of consonants:
1) bilabial (two lips 双唇音) 2) labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip 唇齿音) 3) dental (tongue tip/top teeth 齿音) 4) alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge齿龈音) 5) post-alveolar (tongue tip/hard palate 后齿龈音) 6) palate-alveolar (tongue mid/hard palate腭龈音) 7) palatal (tongue mid/hard palate 腭音) 8) velar (tongue back/soft palate 软腭音) 9) glottal (not localized 声门音)
ENGLISH PHONETICS
CONTENTS
目 录
1 Vowels and Consonants 2 Strong and Weak Forms 3 Stress 4 linking 5 Rhythm 6 Intonation
Classification of English phonemes
Vowels: Consonants: Vowels: Consonants: Vowels: Consonants: Vowels: Consonants:
more sonorant less sonorant can stand alone; be a word by themselves must combine with vowels to form words can be sung cannot be sung voiced sound noisy sound
Dental
Alveolar Alveolar l
l
td
kg
Nasals
m
n
ŋ
Fricatives
f v θð s z
ʃʒ
h
Affricates
ʧʤ
Lateral Approximant (w)
l r
jw
PLOSIVE
VOICELESS
VOICED
LABIAL
p
b
ALVEOLAR
t
d
VELAR
k
01
CHAPTER
• vowels • consonants
1. Classification of English phonemes vowels and consonants
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
for /ʊ/ • /u:/ is long vowel and /ʊ/ is a short vowel; /u:/ is a much more tense
sound than /ʊ/
Diphthongs Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs
Monophthongs – vowels with a stable tongue position and vowel quality over time Diphthongs – vowels produced with the tongue moving from one part of the vowel space to another during which the quality changes. The diphthongs in English include /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/.
Place of articulation refers to the place where obstruction is created (气流在何部位受阻)．