Unit SevenPracticePassage 1. 1. B; 2. DPassage 2. 1. A; 2. CPassage 3. 1. C; 2. DPassage 4. 1. D; 2. BReading Selection OneI. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F; 6. F; 7. T; 8. T; 9. T; 10. FII. 1. likely 2. certainly 3. essentially 4. mostly 5. simultaneously 6. deceptively 7. Currently 8. theoreticallyReading Selection TwoI. 1. C; 2. B; 3. B; 4. C; 5. C; 6. B; 7. D; 8. DII. 1. B; 2. C; 3. D; 4. A; 5. B; 6. C; 7. A; 8. DVocabulary PracticeI. enthusiasm, trend, trim, Despite, catches on, back up, gradual, foreseen, bannedII. Make sentences1.Environmentalists have foreseen the damage to be caused by the chemicalindustry in the area.2.Heavy goods vehicles are banned on this street.3.Despite years of efforts of searching for alternative sources of energy,scientists have not found other kinds of energy to replace the conventional ones.4.The concept of the radical changes on which environmental cars aredesigned will soon catch on.5.The fact that the slight upswing in the use of diesel cars can cause negativeeffects on environment calls for a comprehensive redesigning of the engines of cars.III. 1. increase by 50 per cent 2. a common sight 3. preferential tax rates4. collision-avoidance system5. as well asVocabulary ExpansionII.1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-g, 5-i, 6-h, 7-b, 8-e, 9-j, 10-fGuided Writing and TranslationTranslationIf you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise. And as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon.The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, doctors say, are lawyers,followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brain as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.Doc tors’ findings also show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. “The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain”, they say, “Think hard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculators.”Part D: Literary AppreciationThe Catcher in the Rye1.By saying "you don't like anything that's happening", Phoebe means that Holden is angryabout the world but he doesn't know how to deal with the problems. He fails to win recognition from people around him and he himself regards the outside world as corrupted with phony people. Phoebe points out his problem and makes Holden more depressed.2.James Castle, Holden's schoolmate, was maltreated by six students in the same school andfinally jumped down from the window. The six students were not punished. Holden regards this as persecution of the corrupted and phony society over innocent youth. He becomes very depressed.3.Holden is extremely disappointed with the present situation, so he cannot find anything goodin the real life. All he can see around him is violence, cheating and corruption, so he can only cherish a dream.4.He thinks the adult world is disgusting with cheating and corruption. He hates it and is afraidof entering it, so finally he goes mad.5.Holden's dream is to be "a catcher in the rye, protecting innocent children from falling off thecliff". That is to protect the innocent children from the persecution of the corrupted adult world.6.Phoebe is innocent, clever, considerate and pretty. So he may be the ideal child Holden wantsto protect from the corruption of the adult world in his dream.7.Maybe not. It is related to the character traits of Holden. Besides, the outside world is sopowerful and overwhelming.8.Holden is described as a rebel of the modern world. He is sensitive enough to see all thecorruption, meaninglessness, hypocrisy of the society, but he can find no way to change the situation. So finally he is sent to a mental hospital.Unit SevenReading Selection One:Electric Tales –21st Century BooksBy Frank VizardIt may be the last book you'll ever buy. And certainly, from a practical standpoint,it will be the only book you'll ever need. No, it's not the Bibleor some New Age tome promising enlightenment—although itwould let you carry around both texts simultaneously. It's anelectronic book—a single volume that could contain a libraryof information or, if your tastes run toward what's current,every title on today's best-seller list.* And when you're done with those, you could refill it with new titles.TWhy an electronic book? Computers can store a ton of data and their laptop companions make all that information portable. True enough. But laptops and similar portable information devices require a lot of power—and heavy batteries—to keep their LCD screens operating. And LCDs are not easy to read in the bright light of the sun. TFact is, when it comes to portability, easy viewing, and low power requirements, it's hard to beat plain old paper.*TSo let's make the ink electronic.TThat's the deceptively simple premise behind a project currently coming to fruition at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.* Some hurdles —mostly having to do with large-scale manufacturing—remain, so it will be a few years before you see an electronic book for sale in stores. But the basic technology already exists, developed at the Institute's Media Lab by a team led by physicist Joe Jacobson.T Simply put, each paper page in an electronic book is coated with millions ofmicroscopic particles encased in tiny capsules. Each of these microcapsules can respond independently to an electrical charge: Particles within the capsule moving to the rear appear dark while those moving toward the front look white. The direction in which the particles move depends upon whether a negative (dark) or positive (white) charge is applied. Each microcapsule is about 40 microns in size (that's a little less than half the thickness of a human hair).TThe number of microcapsules used on a given page is enormous. For instance, about 1, 000 microcapsules might be used to create the letter "A" on this page. "The smaller the size of the letter the more microcapsules you use," says Jacobson, "thereby improving resolution." The target is to have a "Paper display" with a resolution higher than that offered by today's computer screens. More than static letters is at stake. Theoretically, the microcapsules could be programmed to "flip" rapidly between dark and white state, providing, for example, a sense of motion in a diagram showing how a car works.TThanks to electronic ink, the book essentially typesets itself, receivinginstructions for each page via electronics housed in the spine. From a power standpoint, this process makes the electronic book very efficient. Unlike an LCD screen, which uses power all the time, energy is no longer needed to view the electronic book's pages once they are typeset. Only a small battery would be required, as opposed to the large ones needed to power laptop computers and their LCDs.*T Convenience, though, is still the main attraction—and that means more than simple portability.* Because the information is in electronic form, it can be easily manipulated. You could, for instance, make the type larger for easier reading. Or you could make notes in the margin with a stylus, your observations being stored on tiny, removable flash-memory cards in the spine.TIt's likely that electronic books will come pre-loaded with a selection of titles. New titles could be made available through flash-memory cards, for example. Jacobson, though, thinks the Internet will be the delivery method of choice. Imaginebrowsing through an online bookstore like and downloading a novel into your electronic book via the modem in its spine. Transmitting Moby Dick would take about a minute. You could download a few titles, so you'll have a few good reads to choose from while you're relaxing at the beach. If your first choice is not to your liking, a new title becomes available at the push of a button.*T Jacobson thinks an electronic book will be affordable—around $200 for a basic read-only model to about $400 for one that would record your margin scribbles. Some hurdles remain, though, before you can take an electronic book with you anywhere. Paper is produced in long sheets, and Jacobson is still working on the best method to integrate electronic ink into the process. To avoid having to use thousands of tiny wires on each page, the ink itself must be conductive. Such ink was recently demonstrated in the lab but has yet to be produced in volume. "Essentially," notes Jacobson, "we're trying to print chips." TJacobson is confident, however, that this can be done on a large scale. If Jacobson succeeds, he will have made the books for the 21st century. Tintrospection: 内省，反省cynical: 冷嘲热讽的tome: (一本)大书，一本巨著simultaneously: at the same timeLCD ＝Liquid crystal diode [display]: [无线电] 液晶二极管，液晶显示器hurdle: 障碍，困难microscopic: 极微的encase: 把…包在…内capsule: 囊状器; 囊状物static: 静止的，静态的at stake: in question; at risktypeset: 排字，排版manipulate: 使用，控制Unit SevenReading Selection Two:Cars of the Future Come under ScrutinyBy Graham HawkesDespite bitter opposition from environmentalists, the petrol-engined car is likely still to be king-of-the-road around the world in 20 years from now—and there will be millions more cars on the planet than there are now.TIn Britain alone, the car population will increase by more than 50 per cent overthe years to 2015, when there will be a total of 50 million vehicles on British roads. Increases in road traffic in countries such as China will be even more dramatic, as new mass markets develop.TElectric and gas-powered vehicles will become a reasonably common sight, particularly in big cities and among public service fleets, and car engines will be more efficient and cleaner than they are now.TMost cars will still be built from steel, although smaller and more efficient cars will be encouraged, probably through subsidies and preferential tax rates. Some cities will introduce smaller car parking bays on their streets and others may ban bigger cars altogether. Many inner-city areas will become off limits to all cars, and cities will probably increase dramatically the cost of parking within city limits.*T Many countries will ask car buyers to prove they have somewhere suitable to park their vehicle, and introduce "smart highway" systems to direct cars much as air traffic controllers now look after the flight of aeroplanes.THowever, despite a dramatic call from environmentalists for radical changes in the way cars are designed and built, a survey of international car manufactures by a British research company foresees a continuation of current trends—a move towards more efficient petrol-engined cars, a slight upswing in the use of diesel cars, and a gradual move to electric and gas-powered cars.TThe Warranty Holdings Group, a European leader in mechanical breakdown insurance and a researcher and commentator on trend in motoring, says that the motorists' world 20 years from now will be marked by more cars, more choice and more technology. Built-in safety features will increase and will include night-vision and collision-avoidance systems, and monitoring devices to stop drivers falling asleep at the wheel.TA growth in tele-working and home shopping should cut the numbers of trips in a car made by most motorists and "fun" sportscars will become more popular as private motoring becomes more recreational in nature.TThe survey results show that despite years of research into alternative fuel sources for vehicles, no clear winner has emerged for a replacement for the conventional petrol-engined car.* Gas and electricity are the best possibilities, with Toyota's design division in Japan claiming it already has an electric car that will driveup to 250km on a single charge.THowever, while electric and "hybrid" powered vehicles will be far more in evidence in the future, it will take a major technological break-through to steer the car industry away from its current path of gradual improvements to the petrol-driven internal combustion engine.TProfessor Garel Rhys, of the Cardiff Business School in Wales, is a leading commentator on the global motor industry. He says engine fuel injection systems of the future will be far more frugal than anything that exists at the moment. "It will be like putting a pipette of petrol into the cylinders, rather than just throwing it in by the bucket load, which is almost what we do at the moment when you compare it with what could be possible." TSome environmentalists point to the Twingo, the small car developed by France's Renault company, to show what could be achieved by the world's car industry if it moved away from a trend towards bigger and more powerful cars and radically cut the fuel consumption of its products. Public opinion polls in many countries show motorists wanting access to this kind of environmentally-aware car.*TA prototype environmental car, the SmILE (smaller, intelligent, lighter, efficient) has been put together by the environmental group Greenpeace. The group hopes the concept will catch on.* It depends heavily on supercharging or forcing fuel mixture into the cylinders at higher than normal pressure. Some experts say this is a good way to extract high performance and high fuel efficiency from small engines.T The adaptations to the Twingo don't end with the engine.* Changes to the bodywork and chassis have improved aerodynamics by 30 per cent in the wind tunnel. Special lightweight rims and tyres have improved rolling resistance by 35 per cent. More than 196kg of weight was trimmed off the Twingoby the smaller engine and a lighter radiator, battery andexhaust system, as well as by changes in construction ofthe seats, suspension, brakes and petrol tank. Greenpeacebelieves another 80kg could be trimmed from the car'sweight by a comprehensive rebuilding of the body of acar like Twingo, using fibre composites, without affectingthe vehicle's safety standards. While glass fibre andcarbon fibre reinforced plastic parts were used for the more aerodynamic body parts, the SmILE designers say they were built in such a way that using steel would make no difference to the total weight.TCutting the fuel consumption has had no negative effect on the handling or performance of the car,* according to the designers. Top speed, flexibility and acceleration from the engine is as good or better than the original Twingo. They say the technology used to create the Twingo SmILE could just as easily be used on other brands of car.TWhat remains to be seen is whether the enthusiasm of environmental designers catches on with the dollar-driven international car industry,* and whether motorists back up with their chequebooks their desire for "greener" cars.T。