被动语态一、主动语态与被动语态的概念：语态 ---- 说明主语和谓语之间的关系英语动词的语态有两种：⑴主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者⑵被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用)例：They speak English. （主动语态）主谓宾English is spoken by them. （被动语态）主语谓语介词短语注：☆及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。

例：⑴We listen to the teacher carefully in class.主谓宾→The teacher is listened to by us carefully in class.主语谓语介词短语⑵Ｗe laughed at him .→He was laughed at by us.二、被动语态的结构与应用情况：㈠基本结构：肯定句式：be +done (及物动词的过去分词)+ 相应的介词或副词否定句式：be +not +done疑问句式：be动词（情态动词）放句首被动语态中的be为助动词，无意义。

be可能是am , is , are也可能是was ,were或原形be。

注：☆被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be后面的过去分词不变。

Eg:１、Ｔhe song is liked by young people. (肯定句)２、Ｔhe song isn’t liked by young people （否定句）３、Is the song liked by young people （一般疑问句）４、Who is the song liked by =By whom is the song liked （特殊疑问句）㈡各种时态的构成（动词以do为例）：时态动词的被动形式例句一般现在时am/is /are done He is asked to do this.一般过去时was/were done The story was told by her mother.一般将来时will /shall be done The problem will be discussed tomorrow.Is/are going to过去将来时should/would be done He said the trees would be planted soon.Was/were are going to现在进行时am/is/are being done The novel is being written.过去进行时was/were being done At that time the desk was being made.现在完成时has/have been done The house has been built.过去完成时had been done They said that their work had been finished.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+ done Your homework must be handed in today.其它几种特殊句型：It is said that ……..It is well knownthat …….It is reported that……例：①History is made by the people. (一般现在时)②The cars were made in Tianjin in 1995. (一般过去时)③The tree will be cut down next year.(一般将来时)④The room must be kept clean. （含有情态动词的被动语态）⑤The door is being opened. （现在进行时）⑥The film has been seen by me. （现在完成时）注：☆不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。

（三）应用情况行为的执行者不明确或不必说出来。

Eg: A stranger was killed last night.用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。

Eg: The story is told everywhere in the city.三、主动语态改被动语态的方法：方法分为三步：⑴把原主动句中的宾语改成主语（如果是人称代词同时应把宾格改为主格）⑵谓语动词改为被动形式be done(时态不变，人称和数必须和新主语一致)⑶把原主动句的主语，如果需要的话放在介词by后面，以指明做事的人或物，如果没有必要则省去（by短语是代词，要用宾格形式）例：1）The man killed a tiger.→ A tiger was killed by the man .(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)2）They are repairing the machine.→ The machine is being repaired by them.3) The workers have done the job.→ The job has been done by the workers.四、特殊句型的被动语态：⑴含有使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch, feel, notice, observe等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。

例：①Mother often makes me do some housework.→I am often made to do some housework by mother.②We saw him run into the classroom.→He was seen to run into the classroom by us.⑵teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell等动词常常带有两个宾语（双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语），改为被动语态时，两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。

如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语（一般是人）前要加相应的介词to/for。

例：①Ｓhe gave me a pen.= She gave a pen to me.→I was given a pen by her.→A pen was given to me by her.②My father bought me a new bike.= My father bought a new bike for me.→I was bought a new bike by my father.→A new bike was bought for me by my father.⑶由不及物动词（vi）+介词/副词＋宾语的句子改成被动语态时，介词或副词不能丢掉。

(前面已举过两例)常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。

例：①Ｗe should speak to old people politely.→Old people should be spoken to politely ( by us).②He took away the box..→The box was taken away by him.⑷含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。

（宾补放在原来位置不变）例：①We call him Xiao Ma.主谓宾宾补→Ｈe is called Xiao Ma by us.②He found the book very interesting.→The book was found very interesti ng by him.(5)主动表示被动Want, need, require 表“需要”时有两种被动语态形式。

The room requires cleaning.requires to be cleaned.Worth doing 表示被动。

The book is well worth reading.五、没有被动语态的动词1. 表示状态或特征的及物动词如: sell, study, grow, begin, read, cost, fit, have, suit等没有被动形式，2. 不及物动词或动词短语如: appear, die ,disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, last, lie,remain, sit, spread（传播）, stand, come true, fall asleep, rise,...result from(缘于)，belong to, consist ofhappen = take place, break out(爆发)，break down(坏了)3.大多数系动词：be ,feel (摸起来)，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来) taste（尝起来）,prove(证明)， turn, become, remain, stay等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。

例：The skirt feels very soft. 这件裙子摸起来很柔软。

Many changes have happened in our hometown.The film lasted for 3 hours.The book sells well.The kind of cloth cleans/washes easily.被动语态考点归纳主动语态改为被动语态时，被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。

We speak English . （改为被动语态） English ________ _______ by us.［分析］此句主动语态为一般现在时态，被动语态也应用一般现在时态，因此，答案应是is spoken。

注意被动语态的谓语结构：一般现在时是：am / is / are + ；一般过去时是：was / were + ；现在完成时是：have / has / been + ；现在进行时是：am / is / are / + being + ；含有情态动词的是：情态动词＋be + 。