阅读：2002年北京试题解析——阅读（一）In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome , testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree.Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers ,resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly.1. In the Middle Ages students_________.A. took objective testsB. specialized in one subjectC. were timed by electric clocksD. never wrote exams2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that_________.A. workers now take examinationB. the population has grownC. there are only written examsD. examinations are now written and timed3. The kind of exams where students must select answers are_________.A. personalB. spokenC. objectiveD. written4. Modern industry must have developed_________.A. before the Middle Ages C. in Greece or RomeB. around the 19th century D. machines to take tests5. It may be concluded that testing_________.A. should test only opinions C. has changed since the Middle AgesB. should always be written D. is given only in factoriesThe market investigation is indispe n sable to sales promotion. They are closely related as the lips and teeth, so to speak. What you produce is for sale on the market. It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market.In the international market, goods on sale coming from different countries and suppliers are always facing keen competition. Under such circumstances, they will try everything possible to familiarize themselves with the market conditions. In making investigations, we ought to get information about what similar items the competitors are offering on the market, what prices they are quoting (报价), what features their products have, who are their regular customers, etc. Then, how can we obtain such information? There are many channels that we can make use of in doing this sort of work. The commercial counselor's offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations. Nowadays, our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then. One of their purposes is to make market surveys on the spot.Certainly, face-to-face talks with foreign businessmen are also important channels to get market information. The Chinese Export Commodities Fairs and some other fairs of similar nature as well as visits of foreign businessmen provide us with such opportunities. Of course , there are some other ways of making market investigations.6. In making market investigation , one should_________.A. get enough information concerned C. produce high quality goodsB. advertise his products D. none of the above7. The word "indispensable" in the first line means_________.A. impossibleB. essentialC. advisableD. available8. Which of the following statements is not true?A. The relationship between market investigation and sales promotion is just as that of the lips and teeth.B. It is impossible to succeed in selling a product without market investigation.C. There are various ways of making market investigation.D. Production goes before market investigation.9. Making market investigation is very important because_________.A. in market, goods on sale are numerous C. it can greatly promote salesB. every producer is facing keen competition D. all of the above10. All the following are channels to get market information except _________.A. to have commercial counselor’s office of our embassi es stationed abroadB. to promote the quality of our own productsC. to send trade groups abroad every now and thenD. to have face-to-face talks with foreign businessmenOn November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvan i a to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked , "I have failed again." On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, "That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed."Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.11. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was_________.A. very criticalB. unpopularC. very popularD. very courteous12. Lincoln was invited to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery because he was_________.A. a famous speaker C. President of the countryB. a very handsome man D. a popular statesman13. It can be inferred from the text that_________.A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to GettysburgB. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speechC. Lincoln's speech was full of rich wordsD. Lincoln's speech was very long14. It was a fact that Lincoln's speech was _________.A. an immediate success C. a total failureB. warmly applauded D. not well-received at first15. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.B. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American school child.D. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States. （四）Animals seem to have the sense to eat when they are hungry and they do not eat more than their bodies need. It has been demonstrated that rats will, when given a choice over a period of time, prefer water with vitamins to water without vitamins even though there is no difference in taste or smell between the two water bottles. When a fragrant flavor was added to the vitamin-enriched fluid, the rats did seem to develop a taste for it and kept drinking it ,even after the vitamins were switched to the clear water. In time, however ,they broke the habit and went back to where the necessary vitamins were.In a classic experiment, babies of 6 to 12 months old were placed in a cafeteria feeding arrangement, with a wide selection of baby food before them. They were given whatever food they pointed to or appeared interested in. We are told that at first they showed some unusual eating patterns, but that over a period of time they managed to select well-balanced diet.So, in selecting food, rats and babies do seem to know and act on what's best for them. Apparently, there is a kind of "body wisdom,＂which humans soon lose. Most of us do not eat as wisely as we could. Many of our food preferences are culturally determined and influenced by long-established habits. Some people eat fox, dog and blackbirds ,while we eat cows and pigs. So what people eat and how much they eat seems to be greatly influenced by what is going on around them.16. In the experiment on rats, a fragrant flavor was added to the rat's drinking water to______.A. encourage rats to drink vitamin-enriched waterB. find out rats preference in flavorC. test whether rats know which drink is good for themD. demonstrate that vitamins are tasteless17. The expression "the habit" (para.1, sentence 4) refers to drinking water which_________.A. has no smellB. is tastelessC. has vitaminsD. is flavored18. According to the passage ,adults eating habits differ from those of babies because______.A. adults know better than babies what kind of food are good for their healthB. adults usually cannot resist the temptation of various delicious foodsC. adults' eating habits are closely related to the social and cultural customsD. adults have more choices of food than babies in eating patterns19. The author implied in the passage that most of us_________.A. eat a balanced dietB. choose the food that is of nutritionC. have the habits influenced by the surroundingsD. like to eat the food with a fragrant flavor20. As far as their eating habits are concerned, babies and rats are similar in that_________.A. both have the wisdom to choose a balanced dietB. both prefer flavored food and drinkC. both have the same eating patternsD. both develop a taste for the same kinds of flavors（五）Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In the United States elementary education begins at the age of six. At this stage nearly ail the teachers are women, mostly married. (76) The atmosphere is usually very friendly, and the teachers have now accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested. The old authoritarian (要绝对服从的) methods of education were discredited (不被认可) rather a long time ago - so much so that many people now think that they have gone too far in the direction of trying to make children happy and interested rather than giving them actual instruction.The social education of young children tries to make them accept the idea that human beings in a society need to work together for their common good. So the emphasis is on co-operation rather than competition throughout most of this process. This may seem curious, in view of the fact that American society is highly competitive; however, the need for making people sociable in this sense has come to be regarded as one of the functions of education. Most Americans do grow up with competitive ideas, and obviously quite a few as criminals, but it is not fair to say that the educational system fails. It probably does succeed in making most people sociable and ready to help one another both in material ways and through kindness and friendliness.1. According to the passage, the U.S. elementary education is supposed to make children_______.A. sensible and sensitiveB. competitive and interestedC. curious and friendlyD. happy and co-operative2. Some Americans complain about elementary schools because they think__________.A. children are reluctant to help each otherB. schools lay too much emphasis on co-operationC. children should grow up with competitive ideasD. schools give little actual instruction to children3. The author's attitude towards American education can be best described as__________.A. favorableB. negativeC. tolerantD. unfriendly4. The American educational system emphasizes__________.A. material wealthB. competitionC. co-operationD. personal benefit5. The word "sociable" (Line 8, Paragraph 2) most probably means__________.A. fond of talking freelyB. friendly with other peopleC. concerned about social welfareD. happy at school（六）Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Nonverbal (非语言的) communication has to do with gestures, movements and closeness oftwo people when they are talking. (77) The scientists say that those gestures, movements and so on have meaning which words do not carry.For example, the body distance between two speakers can be important. North Americans often complain that South Americans are unfriendly because they tend to stand close to the North American when speaking, while the South American often considers the North American to be "cold" or "distant" because he keeps a greater distance between himself and the person he is speaking to. The "eye contact" provides another example of what we are calling nonverbal communication. Scientists have observed that there is more eye contact between people who like each other than there is between people who don't like each other. (78) The length of time that the person whom you are speaking to looks at your eyes indicates the amount of interest he has in the things you are talking about.On the other hand, too long a gaze can make people uncomfortable. The eyes apparently play a great part in nonverbal communication. Genuine warmth or interest, shyness or confidence can often be seen in the eyes. We do not always consider a smile to be a sign of friendliness. Someone who is always smiling, and with little apparent reasons, often makes us uneasy.6. According to the passage, nonverbal communication__________.A. is a method often used by people who cannot speakB. can tell something that words cannotC. can be used to talk with people who cannot bearD. is less used than words7. The South American__________.A. tends to keep a distance between himself and the person he is speaking toB. usually stands close to the person he is talking toC. is often unfriendly when spoken toD. is often cold and distant when speaking8. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Less eye contact suggests distance in relation.B. The longer one looks at you, the more interest he has in you.C. There is more eye contact between people who like each other.D. Shorter eye contact shows more interest in what one is talking about9. Too long a gaze__________.A. may upset people being looked atB. shows one's great confidenceC. indicates one's interest in the talkD. tells you how friendly one is10. Constant smiling without apparent reason__________.A. is a sign of one's friendlinessB. is a sign of one's unfriendlinessC. makes people feel happyD. makes people feel uncomfortable（七）Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Television has opened windows in everybody's life. Young men will never again go to war asthey did in 1914. Millions of people now have seen the effects of a battle. And the result has been a general dislike of war, and perhaps more interest in helping those who suffer from all the terrible things that have been shown on the sc-Teen.Television has also changed politics. The most distant areas can now follow state affairs, see and hear the politicians before an election. Better informed, people are more likely to vote, and so to make their opinion count.Unfortunately, television's influence has been extremely harnfful to the young. (79) Children do not have enough experience to realize that TV shows present an unreal world; that TV advertisements lie to sell products that are sometimes bad or useless. They believe that the violence they see is normal and acceptable. All educators agree that the "television generations" are more violent than their parents and grandparents.Also, the young are less patient. (80) Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and interesting, they do not have the patience to read an article without pictures; to read a book that requires thinking; to listen to a teacher who doesn't do funny things like the people on children's programs. And they expect all problems to be solved happily in ten, fifteen, or thirty minutes. That's the time it takes on the screen.11. In the past, many young people__________.A. knew the effects of warB. went in for politicsC. liked to save the wounded in warsD. were willing to be soldiers12. Now with TV people can__________.A. discus politics at an information centerB. show more interest in politicsC. make theft own decisions on political affairsD. express their opinions freely13. The author thinks that TV advertisements__________.A. are not reliable on the wholeB. are useless to peopleC. are a good guide to adultsD. are very harmful to the young14. Which is NOT true according to the passage?A. People have become used to crimes now.B. With a TV set some problems can be solved quickly.C. People now like to read books with pictures.D. The adults are less violent than the young.15. From the passage, we can conclude that__________.A. children should keep away from TVB. TV programs should be improvedC. children's books should have picturesD. TV has a deep influence on the young（八）There are many ways of defining success. It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our own goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily. Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly.For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success. Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature, and who is respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and accepted by him and his society. On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. Because not all ventures can be successful, one should not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set one’s goals at too low a level of achievement.A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing frustration with his own professional success: “You do not have to set your goal to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling. Sometimes one can be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park, or riding the subwa y downtown,” The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.”57. In the first paragraph, the author implies that are essential in achieving success .A ability and goals C ability and environmentB goals and determination D goals and environment58.The word “frugal”(Line. 2, Para 2.) means _____.A wealthyB wastefulC thriftyD miserable59. Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because ______.A their life is miserable C their goals are too lowB they do not live in peace D they are not rich enough by their own standards60. The last paragraph implies that ______.A we should have high goalsB success means achieving great goalsC success means taking a walk in the parkD success means trying one’s best at what one really likes61. This passage mainly talks about _______.A the definition of success C how to set goalsB how to achieve success D the importance of goalsPassage 1 Date:Answers:1. In the Middle Ages students_________.A. took objective testsB. specialized in one subjectC. were timed by electric clocksD. never wrote examsD (According to para.1, the first sentence. In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written.)2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that_________.A. workers now take examinationB. the population has grownC. there are only written examsD. examinations are now written and timedD (According to para.3, line1&line4-5. Generally, however, modern examinations are written. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers.)3. The kind of exams where students must select answers are_________.A. personalB. spokenC. objectiveD. writtenC (According to para.4, line2-4. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers.)4. Modern industry must have developed_________.A. before the Middle Ages C. in Greece or RomeB. around the 19th century D. machines to take testsB (According to para.3, line1-4. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry.)5. It may be concluded that testing_________.A. should test only opinions C. has changed since the Middle AgesB. should always be written D. is given only in factorC(According to the whole passage, A, B, D are not ,mentioned directly. The passage mainly talks about that after the Middle Ages, more and more people began to write in the exam instead of spoken text. So, I choose C.)Passage 2 Date:Answers:6. In making market investigation , one should_________.A. get enough information concerned C. produce high quality goodsB. advertise his products D. none of the aboveA（According to para.2, line3-5. In making investigations, we ought to get information about what similar items the competitors are offering on the market, what price s they are quoting (报价), what features their products have, who are their regular customers, etc.）7. The word "indispensable" in the first line means_________.A. impossibleB. essentialC. advisableD. availableB (The word is in the para.1, first sentence. The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion. And the whole passage talks about market investigation.So the first sentence maybe want to tell us the important of investigation. So I guess the word indispensable means necessary.So I choose B.)8. Which of the following statements is not true?A. The relationship between market investigation and sales promotion is just as that of the lips and teeth.B. It is impossible to succeed in selling a product without market investigation.C. There are various ways of making market investigation.D. Production goes before market investigation.D (From para.1, line 2-3. What you produce is for sale on the market. It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market. We can see writer’s opinion is before producion, one should make market investigation first. So, D is wrong.)9. Making market investigation is very important because_________.A. in market, goods on sale are numerous C. it can greatly promote salesB. every producer is facing keen competition D. all of the aboveD (According to goods on sale coming from different countries, we can see A is right; According to suppliers are always facing keen competition, we can se B is right; From investigation, people can know the goods’ price better, so C is right. So, I choose D.)10. All the following are channels to get market information except _________.A. to have commercial counselor’s office of our embassies stationed abroadB. to promote the quality of our own productsC. to send trade groups abroad every now and thenD. to have face-to-face talks with foreign businessmenB(From those sentences, The commercial counselor's offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations. Nowadays, our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then. Certainly,face-to-face talks with foreignbusinessmen are also important channels to get market information. We can see A C D are right. B is not mentioned. So I choose B.)Passage 3 Date:Answers:11. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was_________.A. very criticalB. unpopularC. very popularD. very courteous A (According to para.1, line2-3. There was much criticism of President Lincoln on November 19, 1863.)12. Lincoln was invited to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery because he was_________.A. a famous speaker C. President of the countryB. a very handsome man D. a popular statesmanC (From para.1, line 3-4 He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness.)13. It can be inferred from the text that_________.A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to GettysburgB. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speechC. Lincoln's speech was full of rich wordsD. Lincoln's speech was very longB (From these sentences: It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. He spoke for only nine minutes. We can see ACD are wrong. B is right.)14. It was a fact that Lincoln's speech was _________.A. an immediate success C. a total failureB. warmly applauded D. not well-received at firstD (From these sentences, At the end there was little applause. After period of time people began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history. We can see at first nobody thought the speech was good, from time going, more and more people realized it was the greastest speech. So, A B are wrong. D is more suitable than C. So I choose D.)15. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.B. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is simple in style.C. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American school child.D. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States.D (Accoding to They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. We can see A B are right; Accoding to Today, every American school child learns Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. We can see c is right; From Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history. We can see D is wrong(not only greastest one. It is one of greastest one.). So I choose D.)Passage 4 Date:Answers:16. In the experiment on rats, a fragrant flavor was added to the rat's drinking water to______.A. encourage rats to drink vitamin-enriched waterB. find out rats preference in flavor。